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Microcephaly v1.188 TTI1 Ee Ming Wong gene: TTI1 was added
gene: TTI1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TTI1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: TTI1 were set to DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.006
Phenotypes for gene: TTI1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, TTI1-related to
Review for gene: TTI1 was set to GREEN
gene: TTI1 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: - Eleven individuals from nine unrelated families with biallelic variants in TTI1 (10x missense, 2x canonical splice, 2x nonsense and 1x frameshift)
- All present with ID, and most with microcephaly, short stature, and a movement disorder
- Missense mutant constructs transfected into HEK293T cells demonstrated impairment of the TTT complex and of mTOR pathway activity which is improved by treatment with Rapamycin
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v1.173 SETD2 Zornitza Stark gene: SETD2 was added
gene: SETD2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SETD2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: SETD2 were set to 32710489
Phenotypes for gene: SETD2 were set to Rabin-Pappas syndrome,MIM# 620155
Review for gene: SETD2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: PMID 32710489: 12 unrelated patients, ranging from 1 month to 12 years of age, with a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a specific de novo heterozygous mutation in the SETD2 gene (R1740W).

Key clinical features: severely impaired global development apparent from infancy, feeding difficulties with failure to thrive, small head circumference, and dysmorphic facial features. Affected individuals have impaired intellectual development and hypotonia; they do not achieve walking or meaningful speech. Other neurologic findings may include seizures, hearing loss, ophthalmologic defects, and brain imaging abnormalities. There is variable involvement of other organ systems, including skeletal, genitourinary, cardiac, and possibly endocrine.
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v1.106 CHKA Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CHKA was added
gene: CHKA was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CHKA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CHKA were set to 35202461
Phenotypes for gene: CHKA were set to Abnormal muscle tone; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormality of movement; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Short stature
Penetrance for gene: CHKA were set to Complete
Review for gene: CHKA was set to GREEN
Added comment: Klöckner (2022 - PMID: 35202461) describe the phenotype of 6 individuals (from 5 unrelated families) harboring biallelic CHKA variants.

Shared features incl. abnormal muscle tone(6/6 - hypertonia or hypotonia, 3/6 each), DD/ID (6/6,severe in 4, severe/profound in 2), epilepsy (6/6 - onset: infancy - 3y2m | epileptic spasms or GS at onset), microcephaly (6/6), movement disorders (3/6 - incl. dyskinesia, rigidity, choreoatetotic movements). 2/5 individuals exhibited MRI abnormalities, notably hypomyelination. Short stature was observed in 4/6.

Eventual previous genetic testing was not discussed.

Exome sequencing (quattro ES for 2 sibs, trio ES for 1 individual, singleton for 3 probands) revealed biallelic CHKA variants in all affected individuals. Sanger sequencing was performed for confirmation and segregation studies.

Other variants (in suppl.) were not deemed to be causative for the neurodevelopmental phenotype.

3 different missense, 1 start-loss and 1 truncating variant were identified, namely (NM_0012772.2):
- c.421C>T/p.(Arg141Trp) [3 hmz subjects from 2 consanguineous families],
- c.580C>T/p.Pro194Ser [1 hmz individual born to consanguineous parents],
- c.2T>C/p.(Met1?) [1 hmz individual born to related parents],
- c.14dup/p.(Cys6Leufs*19) in trans with c.1021T>C/p.(Phe341Leu) in 1 individual.

CHKA encodes choline kinase alpha, an enzyme catalyzing the first step of phospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. The pathway is involved in de novo synthesis of glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine being the most abundant in eukaryotic membranes.

CHKA with its paralog (CHKB) phosphorylates either choline or ethanolamine to phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine respectively with conversion of ATP to ADP.

As the authors comment, biallelic pathogenic variants in CHKB cause a NDD with muscular dystrophy, hypotonia, ID, microcephaly and structural mitochondrial anomalies (MIM 602541). [Prominent mitochondrial patterning was observed in a single muscle biopsy available from an individual with biallelic CHKA variants].

Other disorders of the Kennedy pathway (due to biallelic PCYT2, SELENOI, PCYT1A variants) present with overlapping features incl. variable DD/ID (no-severe), microcephaly, seizures, visual impairment etc.

CHKA variants were either absent or observed once in gnomAD, affected highly conserved AAs with multiple in silico predictions in favor of a deleterious effect.

In silico modeling suggests structural effects for several of the missense variants (Arg141Trp, Pro194Ser presumably affect ADP binding, Phe341 lying close to the binding site of phosphocholine).

Each of the missense variants was expressed in yeast cells and W. Blot suggested expression at the expected molecular weight at comparative levels. The 3 aforementioned variants exhibited reduced catalytic activity (20%, 15%, 50% respectively).

NMD is thought to underly the deleterious effect of the frameshift one (not studied).

The start-loss variant is expected to result in significantly impaired expression and protein function as eventual utilization of the next possible start codon - occurring at position 123 - would remove 26% of the protein.

Chka(-/-) is embryonically lethal in mice, suggesting that complete loss is not compatible with life. Reduction of choline kinase activity by 30% in heterozygous mice did not appear to result in behavioral abnormalities although this was not studied in detail (PMID cited: 18029352). Finally, screening of 1566 mouse lines identified 198 genes whose disruption yields neuroanatomical phenotypes, Chka(+/-) mice being among these (PMID cited: 31371714).

There is no associated phenotype in OMIM, Gene2Phenotype or SysID.

Overall this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panes with green or amber rating (>3 individuals, >3 variants, variant studies, overlapping phenotype of disorders belonging to the same pathway, etc). Consider also inclusion in the microcephaly panel (where available this seemed to be of postnatal onset).
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v1.51 HMGB1 Chirag Patel Phenotypes for gene: HMGB1 were changed from 0 ALDH5A1 1 ALDH7A1 0 ALG1 0 ALG11 1 ALG12 1 ALG13 1 ALG14 1 ALG3 1 ALG6 1 ALG8 1 ALG9 1 ALKBH8 1 ALMS1 0 AMER1 0 AMPD2 0 AMT 0 ANK2 2 ANKRD11 0 ANKRD17 2 AP1B1 1 AP1G1 1 AP1S1 0 AP1S2 0 AP2M1 1 AP3B1 0 AP3B2 1 AP4B1 1 AP4E1 1 AP4M1 1 AP4S1 1 APC2 1 APOPT1 1 ARCN1 1 ARF1 1 ARFGEF2 0 ARG1 0 ARHGEF9 1 ARID1A 1 ARID1B 1 ARID2 2 ARL13B 1 ARL6 1 ARMC9 1 ARSA 0 ARSB 1 ARSE 1 ARV1 0 ARX 0 ASAH1 0 ASH1L 1 ASL 1 ASNS 1 ASPA 0 ASPM 1 ASS1 0 ASTN1 1 ASXL1 0 ASXL2 0 ASXL3 1 ATAD1 1 ATAD3A 1 ATG7 1 ATIC 1 ATM 0 ATN1 1 ATP13A2 0 ATP1A1 1 ATP1A2 1 ATP1A3 2 ATP6AP1 1 ATP6AP2 0 ATP6V0A2 0 ATP6V1A 1 ATP6V1B2 0 ATP7A 0 ATP8A2 1 ATR 0 ATRX 0 AUH 0 AUTS2 1 B3GALNT2 1 B3GLCT 0 B4GALNT1 0 B4GALT1 1 B4GALT7 1 B9D2 1 BAZ2B 1 BBS1 0 BBS10 0 BBS12 0 BBS2 0 BBS4 1 BBS5 1 BBS7 1 BBS9 1 BCAP31 0 BCAS3 1 BCKDHA 0 BCKDHB 0 BCKDK 0 BCL11A 0 BCL11B 1 BCOR 1 BCORL1 1 BCS1L 0 BICRA 3 BLM 0 BMP4 0 BOLA3 0 BPTF 1 BRAF 0 BRAT1 1 BRD4 2 BRF1 1 BRIP1 1 BRPF1 1 BRSK2 1 BRWD3 0 BSCL2 0 BSND 1 BTD 0 BUB1B 0 C12orf4 0 C12orf57 0 C12orf65 0 C2CD3 1 C2orf69 1 C5orf42 1 CA2 1 CA8 1 CACNA1A 0 CACNA1B 1 CACNA1C 0 CACNA1D 1 CACNA1E 1 CACNA1G 2 CACNA1I 1 CACNA2D2 1 CAD 1 CAMK2A 0 CAMK2B 1 CAMK4 1 CAMTA1 2 CAPN15 1 CARS 1 CARS2 1 CASK 0 CBL 0 CBS 0 CBY1 1 CC2D1A 1 CC2D2A 0 CCBE1 1 CCDC22 0 CCDC47 1 CCDC88A 1 CCDC88C 2 CCND2 0 CDC42 0 CDC42BPB 1 CDH11 2 CDH15 0 CDH2 1 CDK10 0 CDK13 1 CDK19 1 CDK5RAP2 1 CDK8 1 CDKL5 0 CDON 0 CELF2 1 CENPF 0 CENPJ 0 CEP104 1 CEP120 1 CEP135 1 CEP152 1 CEP164 1 CEP290 0 CEP41 0 CEP55 1 CEP57 1 CEP83 1 CEP85L 1 CHAMP1 0 CHD1 1 CHD2 0 CHD3 1 CHD4 1 CHD5 1 CHD7 0 CHD8 0 CHKB 0 CHMP1A 1 CIC 0 CIT 0 CKAP2L 0 CLCN3 1 CLCN4 1 CLCN6 1 CLCNKB 1 CLN3 0 CLN5 1 CLN6 0 CLN8 0 CLP1 1 CLPB 1 CLTC 1 CNKSR2 0 CNNM2 0 CNOT1 3 CNOT2 1 CNOT3 2 CNPY3 1 CNTNAP1 1 CNTNAP2 0 COASY 1 COG1 0 COG4 1 COG5 1 COG6 1 COG7 0 COG8 1 COL4A1 0 COL4A2 0 COL4A3BP 0 COLEC11 0 COPB2 2 COQ4 0 COQ8A 0 COX10 1 COX15 0 CPS1 0 CRADD 1 CRB2 0 CREBBP 1 CSDE1 1 CSNK1G1 2 CSNK2A1 0 CSNK2B 0 CSPP1 1 CSTB 0 CTBP1 1 CTCF 1 CTDP1 0 CTNNA2 1 CTNNB1 0 CTSA 0 CTSD 0 CTU2 1 CUL3 2 CUL4B 0 CUX1 1 CUX2 1 CWC27 0 CWF19L1 1 CXorf56 1 CYB5R3 0 CYC1 0 CYFIP2 1 D2HGDH 0 DAG1 0 DARS 1 DARS2 0 DBT 0 DCAF17 0 DCHS1 0 DCPS 1 DCX 0 DDB1 2 DDC 0 DDHD2 0 DDX11 1 DDX23 2 DDX3X 0 DDX59 1 DDX6 1 DEAF1 1 DEGS1 1 DENND5A 1 DEPDC5 0 DHCR24 0 DHCR7 0 DHDDS 1 DHFR 1 DHPS 1 DHTKD1 0 DHX30 1 DHX37 2 DIAPH1 0 DIS3L2 0 DKC1 0 DLD 0 DLG3 1 DLG4 2 DLL1 1 DMD 0 DMXL2 1 DNAJC12 1 DNAJC19 0 DNM1 1 DNM1L 1 DNMT3A 1 DNMT3B 0 DOCK3 1 DOCK6 1 DOCK7 1 DOCK8 0 DOLK 1 DPAGT1 1 DPF2 0 DPH1 1 DPM1 0 DPM2 1 DPYD 1 DPYS 1 DPYSL5 1 DYM 1 DYNC1H1 0 DYNC1I2 1 DYRK1A 1 EARS2 1 EBF3 1 EBP 1 EDEM3 2 EED 1 EEF1A2 1 EEF2 1 EFTUD2 1 EHMT1 1 EIF2AK2 2 EIF2AK3 0 EIF2S3 1 EIF3F 1 EIF4A3 1 EIF5A 1 ELAC2 0 ELOVL4 0 ELP2 0 EMC1 1 EMC10 2 EML1 1 EP300 0 EPG5 1 ERCC1 1 ERCC2 0 ERCC3 0 ERCC5 1 ERCC6 0 ERCC6L2 0 ERCC8 0 ERLIN2 1 ESCO2 0 ETFA 1 ETFB 1 ETFDH 1 ETHE1 0 EXOC7 1 EXOSC3 0 EXOSC8 1 EXT2 1 EXTL3 1 EZH2 1 FAM111A 0 FAM126A 0 FAM20C 0 FAM50A 1 FAR1 1 FARS2 1 FARSA 1 FARSB 1 FAT4 0 FBRSL1 1 FBXL3 2 FBXL4 0 FBXO11 1 FBXO28 1 FBXO31 2 FBXW11 2 FBXW7 1 FDFT1 1 FGD1 1 FGF12 0 FGF13 1 FGF14 1 FGFR1 1 FGFR3 1 FH 0 FIG4 0 FITM2 1 FKRP 0 FKTN 0 FLNA 0 FLVCR2 0 FMN2 0 FMR1 0 FOLR1 1 FOXG1 0 FOXP1 2 FOXP2 1 FOXRED1 0 FRAS1 1 FRMPD4 1 FRRS1L 1 FTCD 1 FTSJ1 0 FUCA1 0 FUT8 1 GABBR2 1 GABRA1 1 GABRA2 1 GABRA5 1 GABRB2 0 GABRB3 1 GABRG2 1 GAD1 1 GALC 0 GALE 0 GALNT2 1 GALT 1 GAMT 0 GATA6 1 GATAD2B 1 GATM 1 GCDH 0 GCH1 0 GDI1 0 GEMIN5 1 GFAP 0 GFER 1 GFM1 0 GJC2 0 GK 0 GLB1 0 GLDC 0 GLI2 0 GLI3 0 GLIS3 1 GLS 1 GLUL 0 GLYCTK 0 GM2A 0 GMPPA 0 GMPPB 0 GNAI1 2 GNAO1 1 GNAS 1 GNB1 1 GNB2 3 GNB5 1 GNE 1 GNPAT 0 GNPTAB 0 GNPTG 1 GNS 0 GOLGA2 2 GOT2 1 GPAA1 1 GPC3 0 GPC4 1 GPT2 1 GRIA1 1 GRIA2 2 GRIA3 1 GRIA4 0 GRID2 0 GRIK2 1 GRIN1 1 GRIN2A 1 GRIN2B 1 GRIN2D 1 GRM1 0 GRM7 1 GSS 1 GTF2H5 0 GTF3C3 1 GTPBP2 1 GTPBP3 0 GUSB 1 H3F3A 1 H3F3B 1 HACE1 1 HADHA 0 HADHB 1 HCCS 0 HCFC1 0 HCN1 0 HDAC4 2 HDAC8 1 HECW2 2 HEPACAM 0 HERC1 0 HERC2 2 HESX1 0 HEXA 0 HEXB 0 HGSNAT 1 HIBCH 0 HID1 1 HIRA 1 HIST1H1E 1 HIST1H4C 2 HIVEP2 1 HK1 2 HLCS 0 HMGB1 1 HMGCL 0 HNMT 1 HNRNPH1 1 HNRNPH2 0 HNRNPK 0 HNRNPR 1 HNRNPU 1 HOXA1 0 HPD 0 HPDL 2 HPRT1 0 HRAS 1 HS2ST1 3 HSD17B10 0 HSD17B4 1 HSPD1 0 HSPG2 1 HTRA2 0 HUWE1 1 IARS 1 IBA57 1 IDH2 0 IDS 0 IDUA 0 IER3IP1 1 IFIH1 0 IFT172 0 IFT27 1 IFT74 1 IGF1 1 IGF1R 1 IKBKG 0 IL1RAPL1 0 IMPDH2 2 INPP5E 1 INPP5K 0 INTS1 1 IQSEC1 1 IQSEC2 1 IREB2 1 IRF2BPL 1 ISCA1 1 ISCA2 1 ISPD 0 ITPA 0 ITPR1 0 IVD 0 JAM3 1 JARID2 1 JMJD1C 2 KANSL1 1 KARS 1 KAT5 2 KAT6A 0 KAT6B 0 KAT8 1 KATNB1 1 KCNA2 1 KCNB1 1 KCNC1 0 KCNH1 1 KCNJ10 0 KCNJ11 0 KCNJ6 1 KCNK4 1 KCNK9 1 KCNMA1 1 KCNN2 1 KCNN3 1 KCNQ2 0 KCNQ3 1 KCNQ5 1 KCNT1 0 KCNT2 1 KCTD3 0 KCTD7 0 KDM1A 1 KDM3B 2 KDM4B 2 KDM5B 1 KDM5C 1 KDM6A 0 KDM6B 1 KIAA0586 0 KIAA1109 0 KIDINS220 1 KIF11 2 KIF14 1 KIF1A 2 KIF1BP 1 KIF21B 1 KIF2A 1 KIF5A 0 KIF5C 1 KIF7 0 KLF7 1 KLHL7 0 KMT2A 1 KMT2B 1 KMT2C 1 KMT2D 2 KMT2E 1 KMT5B 1 KNL1 1 KPTN 1 KRAS 0 L1CAM 0 L2HGDH 0 LAMA1 0 LAMA2 1 LAMB1 1 LAMB2 1 LAMC3 0 LAMP2 0 LARGE1 0 LARP7 1 LARS 2 LARS2 0 LIAS 1 LIG4 0 LINGO4 1 LINS1 0 LIPT1 1 LMBRD1 1 LMBRD2 2 LMNB1 2 LMNB2 2 LONP1 0 LRP2 0 LRPPRC 0 LSS 1 LTBP1 1 LYRM7 1 LZTFL1 1 LZTR1 1 MAB21L1 2 MAB21L2 1 MACF1 1 MADD 3 MAF 0 MAGEL2 1 MAN1B1 1 MAN2B1 1 MANBA 1 MAOA 1 MAP1B 1 MAP2K1 0 MAP2K2 0 MAPK1 2 MAPK8IP3 2 MAPKAPK5 1 MAPRE2 1 MASP1 1 MAST1 1 MAST3 1 MAT1A 0 MBD5 1 MBOAT7 0 MBTPS2 0 MCCC1 0 MCCC2 0 MCM3AP 1 MCOLN1 1 MCPH1 1 MDH2 0 MECP2 1 MED12 0 MED12L 1 MED13 1 MED13L 0 MED17 1 MED23 0 MED25 1 MED27 2 MEF2C 1 MEGF8 2 MEIS2 0 METTL23 2 METTL5 1 MFF 0 MFSD2A 1 MFSD8 1 MGAT2 1 MICU1 1 MID1 0 MIR17HG 2 MKKS 0 MKS1 0 MLC1 0 MLYCD 1 MMAA 0 MMAB 0 MMACHC 0 MMADHC 0 MN1 2 MOCS1 1 MOCS2 0 MOGS 1 MORC2 2 MPDU1 1 MPDZ 1 MPLKIP 1 MPP5 1 MPV17 1 MRPS22 0 MRPS34 1 MSL3 1 MSMO1 1 MTFMT 0 MTHFR 0 MTHFS 1 MTO1 1 MTOR 0 MTR 1 MTRR 1 MUT 0 MVK 0 MYCN 0 MYO5A 0 MYT1L 2 NAA10 0 NAA15 1 NACC1 0 NAGA 0 NAGLU 0 NALCN 0 NANS 0 NARS 2 NBEA 1 NCAPD2 2 NCAPG2 1 NCDN 2 NCKAP1 1 NDE1 1 NDP 0 NDST1 0 NDUFA1 0 NDUFA2 1 NDUFAF1 1 NDUFS1 1 NDUFS4 1 NDUFS7 0 NDUFS8 0 NDUFV1 0 NEDD4L 1 NEMF 2 NEU1 0 NEUROD2 1 NEXMIF 1 NF1 0 NFASC 1 NFIA 0 NFIB 1 NFIX 0 NFU1 1 NGLY1 0 NHS 0 NIPBL 1 NKAP 1 NKX2-1 0 NLGN3 0 NONO 0 NOVA2 1 NPC1 0 NPC2 0 NPHP1 0 NPHP3 1 NR2F1 1 NR4A2 2 NRAS 0 NRROS 1 NRXN1 0 NSD1 0 NSD2 1 NSDHL 1 NSUN2 0 NT5C2 1 NTNG2 1 NTRK1 0 NTRK2 1 NUBPL 0 NUDT2 1 NUP188 1 NUP214 2 NUS1 1 OCLN 0 OCRL 0 ODC1 1 OFD1 0 OGT 1 OPA3 0 OPHN1 0 OSGEP 1 OTC 0 OTUD5 2 OTUD6B 0 OTX2 0 OXR1 1 P4HTM 1 PACS1 1 PACS2 1 PAFAH1B1 1 PAH 0 PAK1 1 PAK3 1 PAM16 1 PARN 0 PARP6 1 PAX6 0 PAX8 0 PBX1 0 PC 0 PCCA 0 PCCB 0 PCDH12 1 PCDH19 0 PCDHGC4 1 PCGF2 1 PCNT 0 PCYT2 1 PDE10A 1 PDE4D 0 PDE6D 1 PDGFRB 0 PDHA1 0 PDHB 1 PDHX 0 PDP1 1 PDSS1 1 PDSS2 0 PEPD 0 PET100 1 PEX1 0 PEX10 0 PEX11B 0 PEX12 0 PEX13 0 PEX14 0 PEX16 0 PEX19 0 PEX2 0 PEX26 0 PEX3 0 PEX5 0 PEX6 0 PEX7 0 PGAP1 0 PGAP2 1 PGAP3 1 PGK1 1 PGM2L1 1 PGM3 1 PHACTR1 1 PHF21A 2 PHF6 0 PHF8 1 PHGDH 0 PHIP 1 PI4KA 1 PIBF1 2 PIDD1 1 PIGA 1 PIGB 2 PIGC 1 PIGG 1 PIGH 1 PIGK 1 PIGL 1 PIGN 1 PIGO 1 PIGP 2 PIGQ 1 PIGS 1 PIGT 1 PIGU 1 PIGV 1 PIGW 0 PIK3C2A 1 PIK3CA 0 PIK3R2 1 PISD 1 PITRM1 1 PLA2G6 0 PLAA 0 PLCB1 1 PLK4 1 PLP1 0 PLPBP 1 PMM2 0 PMPCA 1 PMPCB 1 PNKP 1 PNPLA6 0 PNPT1 1 POGZ 1 POLA1 1 POLG 0 POLR1C 1 POLR2A 1 POLR3A 0 POLR3B 0 POLRMT 1 POMGNT1 0 POMGNT2 0 POMK 1 POMT1 0 POMT2 0 PORCN 0 POU3F3 1 PPIL1 1 PPM1D 1 PPP1CB 1 PPP1R12A 1 PPP1R15B 0 PPP1R21 1 PPP2CA 1 PPP2R1A 1 PPP2R5D 1 PPP3CA 0 PPT1 0 PQBP1 1 PRICKLE2 1 PRKAR1A 1 PRKAR1B 1 PRMT7 0 PRODH 0 PRPS1 0 PRR12 1 PRSS12 0 PRUNE1 1 PSAP 1 PSMD12 0 PSPH 0 PTCH1 0 PTCHD1 0 PTDSS1 0 PTEN 0 PTF1A 0 PTPN11 0 PTPN23 1 PTPN4 1 PTRHD1 1 PTS 0 PUF60 1 PUM1 1 PURA 1 PUS1 0 PUS3 1 PUS7 1 PYCR1 0 PYCR2 0 QARS 1 QDPR 0 QRICH1 1 RAB11B 1 RAB18 0 RAB23 0 RAB39B 0 RAB3GAP1 1 RAB3GAP2 0 RAC1 1 RAC3 1 RAD21 1 RAF1 0 RAI1 1 RALA 1 RALGAPA1 1 RAP1B 2 RARB 1 RARS 1 RARS2 0 RBBP8 0 RBM10 1 RELN 0 RERE 1 RFT1 1 RFX3 1 RFX4 1 RFX7 1 RHEB 1 RHOBTB2 1 RIT1 0 RLIM 1 RMND1 0 RNASEH2A 0 RNASEH2B 0 RNASEH2C 0 RNASET2 0 RNF125 0 RNF13 1 RNF220 1 RNU4ATAC 1 RNU7-1 2 ROGDI 1 ROR2 0 RORA 1 RPGRIP1L 0 RPIA 1 RPL10 1 RPS6KA3 0 RRM2B 0 RSRC1 1 RTEL1 0 RTN4IP1 1 RTTN 1 SAMD9 0 SAMHD1 0 SARS2 1 SATB1 2 SATB2 1 SBF1 1 SC5D 0 SCAF4 1 SCAMP5 2 SCAPER 1 SCN1A 1 SCN1B 1 SCN2A 0 SCN3A 1 SCN8A 0 SCO2 0 SDCCAG8 1 SDHA 0 SDHAF1 1 SEPSECS 1 SERAC1 0 SET 0 SETBP1 0 SETD1A 1 SETD1B 1 SETD2 1 SETD5 1 SFXN4 1 SGPL1 0 SGSH 1 SHANK2 0 SHANK3 1 SHH 0 SHMT2 2 SHOC2 1 SIAH1 1 SIK1 0 SIL1 1 SIN3A 0 SIN3B 1 SIX3 0 SKI 0 SLC12A2 3 SLC12A5 0 SLC12A6 0 SLC13A5 1 SLC16A2 1 SLC17A5 0 SLC18A2 1 SLC19A3 0 SLC1A1 1 SLC1A2 1 SLC1A4 1 SLC25A1 0 SLC25A12 0 SLC25A15 0 SLC25A22 0 SLC2A1 0 SLC33A1 0 SLC35A1 0 SLC35A2 0 SLC35C1 0 SLC39A14 0 SLC39A8 1 SLC46A1 1 SLC4A4 0 SLC5A6 1 SLC6A1 1 SLC6A17 0 SLC6A19 0 SLC6A3 0 SLC6A8 0 SLC6A9 1 SLC9A6 1 SLX4 0 SMAD4 0 SMARCA2 1 SMARCA4 0 SMARCA5 1 SMARCB1 0 SMARCC2 1 SMARCD1 1 SMARCE1 0 SMC1A 0 SMC3 0 SMG8 2 SMG9 1 SMOC1 1 SMPD1 1 SMPD4 1 SMS 0 SNAP25 1 SNAP29 0 SNRPB 1 SNX14 0 SNX27 1 SON 1 SOS1 1 SOS2 1 SOX10 0 SOX11 0 SOX2 1 SOX4 1 SOX5 1 SOX6 2 SOX9 0 SPART 1 SPATA5 1 SPECC1L 0 SPEN 2 SPG11 1 SPOP 1 SPR 0 SPRED1 1 SPTAN1 1 SPTBN1 1 SPTBN2 0 SPTBN4 2 SRCAP 2 SRD5A3 0 SSR4 0 ST3GAL3 0 ST3GAL5 2 STAG1 0 STAG2 1 STAMBP 1 STIL 1 STRA6 0 STRADA 1 STT3A 2 STX1B 0 STXBP1 0 SUCLA2 1 SUCLG1 0 SUFU 1 SUMF1 1 SUOX 0 SUPT16H 1 SURF1 0 SUZ12 2 SVBP 2 SYN1 0 SYNCRIP 2 SYNGAP1 1 SYNJ1 0 SYP 0 SYT1 2 SZT2 0 TAF1 1 TAF2 2 TAF6 1 TANC2 2 TANGO2 0 TAOK1 1 TASP1 1 TAT 0 TAZ 0 TBC1D20 1 TBC1D23 0 TBC1D24 0 TBCD 1 TBCE 0 TBCK 0 TBL1XR1 0 TBR1 1 TBX1 1 TCF20 1 TCF4 0 TCF7L2 2 TCN2 1 TCTN2 0 TCTN3 1 TDP2 1 TECPR2 1 TELO2 1 TENM3 1 TERT 2 TET3 1 TFE3 2 TGIF1 1 TH 0 THOC2 1 THOC6 0 THRA 0 TIMM50 1 TINF2 1 TLK2 1 TMCO1 0 TMEM106B 1 TMEM165 1 TMEM216 0 TMEM222 2 TMEM237 1 TMEM240 0 TMEM5 0 TMEM67 1 TMEM70 0 TMEM94 1 TMTC3 1 TMX2 1 TNPO2 1 TNR 1 TNRC6B 2 TOE1 1 TOGARAM1 1 TP73 1 TPP1 1 TPP2 1 TRAF7 1 TRAIP 1 TRAK1 1 TRAPPC11 1 TRAPPC12 1 TRAPPC4 1 TRAPPC6B 1 TRAPPC9 2 TREX1 0 TRIM8 1 TRIO 1 TRIP12 1 TRIT1 1 TRMT1 1 TRMT10A 1 TRNT1 1 TRPM3 1 TRRAP 1 TSC1 0 TSC2 0 TSEN15 1 TSEN2 0 TSEN54 0 TSFM 0 TSHB 0 TSPAN7 0 TSPOAP1 1 TTC19 0 TTC37 0 TTC5 2 TTC8 1 TTI2 1 TUBA1A 0 TUBB 1 TUBB2A 1 TUBB2B 0 TUBB3 0 TUBB4A 0 TUBG1 0 TUBGCP2 1 TUBGCP6 1 TUSC3 1 TWIST1 0 UBA5 0 UBE2A 1 UBE3A 0 UBE3B 1 UBE4A 1 UBR1 1 UBR7 1 UBTF 1 UFC1 1 UFM1 1 UFSP2 2 UGDH 1 UGP2 1 UMPS 1 UNC80 1 UPB1 2 UPF3B 2 USP18 1 USP7 2 USP9X 1 VAMP2 2 VARS 1 VARS2 1 VIPAS39 1 VLDLR 0 VPS11 1 VPS13B 0 VPS33B 1 VPS41 1 VPS4A 3 VPS53 0 VRK1 0 WAC 1 WARS2 1 WASF1 2 WASHC4 3 WDFY3 1 WDPCP 1 WDR11 2 WDR26 1 WDR37 1 WDR4 2 WDR45 0 WDR45B 1 WDR62 1 WDR73 0 WDR81 1 WNT1 1 WNT5A 2 WWOX 0 XPA 2 XRCC4 0 XYLT1 2 YARS 1 YIF1B 2 YWHAG 1 YY1 0 ZBTB18 0 ZBTB20 0 ZBTB24 1 ZC4H2 0 ZDHHC9 0 ZEB2 1 ZFHX4 1 ZFYVE26 0 ZIC1 1 ZIC2 0 ZMIZ1 2 ZMYM2 2 ZMYND11 1 ZNF142 1 ZNF148 1 ZNF292 2 ZNF335 1 ZNF462 2 ZNF526 1 ZNF699 1 ZNF711 1 ZSWIM6 1 AASS 1 ACADSB 1 ACAT1 1 ADAM22 1 AKAP6 1 ALDOA 1 ALX1 1 ALX3 1 ALX4 1 AP2S1 1 ARF3 2 ARHGAP31 1 ARHGAP35 1 ARNT2 1 ATP6V0A1 1 ATP9A 1 ATXN2L 1 B3GALT6 1 B9D1 1 BBIP1 1 C16orf62 1 C8orf37 1 CACNB4 1 CAPZA2 1 CCDC174 1 CCDC78 1 CD96 1 CDK16 1 CDK6 1 CDKN1C 1 CEP63 1 CEP89 1 CHRM1 1 CHST14 1 CLCN2 1 CNKSR1 1 COPB1 1 COQ2 1 COQ9 1 COX14 1 COX20 1 COX7B 1 CPE 1 CRBN 1 CTC1 1 CTNND1 1 CTNND2 1 DDOST 1 DHX32 1 DLAT 1 DPH2 1 DPP6 2 DSCAM 1 EEF1B2 1 EEF1D 1 EIF2A 1 EMG1 1 EMX2 1 EPHA7 1 ERGIC3 2 EXOC2 2 EXOSC2 1 FANCB 1 FANCD2 1 FANCG 1 FASTKD2 1 FEM1B 1 FGFR2 1 FIBP 1 FOXP4 1 FRMD4A 1 FRY 1 FTO 1 FUK 1 GBA 1 GEMIN4 1 GIGYF1 1 GMNN 1 GNAI2 1 GNAQ 1 GORAB 1 GPHN 1 GSX2 1 GTF2E2 2 HARS 2 HAX1 1 HEATR5B 1 HIST1H4J 1 HNRNPD 1 HSPA9 1 HTT 1 HYLS1 1 ICE1 1 IMPA1 1 INPP4A 1 IQSEC3 2 ITCH 1 ITFG2 2 ITGA7 1 JAKMIP1 1 KCNJ1 1 KLHL15 1 LAS1L 1 LINGO1 1 LIPT2 1 LMAN2L 1 LNPK 1 LRRC32 1 LYST 1 MAGT1 1 MMGT1 1 MRPL3 2 MSL2 1 NBN 1 NDUFA10 1 NDUFA11 1 NDUFA9 1 NDUFAF2 1 NDUFAF3 1 NDUFAF4 1 NDUFAF5 1 NDUFAF6 1 NDUFB3 1 NDUFB9 1 NDUFS2 1 NDUFS3 1 NDUFS6 1 NDUFV2 1 NECAP1 1 NHP2 1 NMNAT1 1 NR2F2 1 NSF 1 PAX1 1 PDCD6IP 1 PDE2A 1 PHC1 1 PIEZO2 1 PIGY 1 PJA1 1 PLCH1 1 PLEKHG2 1 PLOD3 1 PLXNA2 1 PPP2R5C 1 PRKACB 2 PRKD1 2 PRRT2 1 PSAT1 1 PSMB1 1 PSMC3 1 PSMC5 1 PTRH2 1 RAB11A 1 RAB14 1 RAP1GDS1 1 RIC1 1 RMRP 1 RNF113A 1 RNF2 1 RPS23 1 RSPRY1 1 RUSC2 1 SACS 1 SEC31A 1 SEMA3E 1 SEMA5A 1 SHROOM4 1 SLC2A2 1 SLC35A3 2 SLC45A1 1 SLC5A5 1 SLC9A7 1 SMARCD2 1 SNORD118 1 SNRPN 1 SOX3 2 SRRM2 1 STN1 1 TACO1 1 TAF13 1 TAF1C 1 TARS 1 TBC1D2B 2 TBC1D7 1 TGFB1 1 THRB 1 TKFC 1 TKT 2 TMEM231 1 TMLHE 1 TNIK 1 TOP2B 1 TRAPPC2L 1 TRIP13 1 TTI1 2 TUBGCP4 1 TUFM 1 U2AF2 1 UPF1 1 UQCC2 1 USP27X 1 VPS37A 1 VPS50 1 VPS51 1 WFS1 2 YAP1 1 ZBTB11 1 ZBTB16 1 ZC3H14 4 ZFHX3 2 ZNF407 2 ZNF668 1 ABCC6 2 ABCG5 1 ACOX2 1 ACTA1 1 ADA2 1 ADAMTSL2 1 ADCY5 1 ADGRB3 1 ADGRG6 2 ADRA2B 1 AFG3L2 1 AGGF1 1 AGK 1 AGL 1 AGO3 1 AGPS 1 AGT 1 AGTR2 1 AKR1C2 1 ALDOB 1 ALG2 1 ALS2 1 ANK3 1 ANKH 1 APTX 1 AR 1 ARHGEF6 1 ASMT 1 ATL1 1 ATP10A 1 ATP2A2 1 ATP2B3 1 ATP2C2 1 ATXN10 1 AVP 1 AVPR1A 1 AVPR2 1 B3GAT3 1 BDNF 1 BICD2 1 BIN1 1 BMPER 1 C19orf12 1 C3orf58 1 CA5A 1 CACNG2 1 CANT1 1 CCDC8 1 CDC6 1 CDK5R1 1 CDT1 1 CFH 1 CFHR1 1 CFHR3 1 CHRNA4 1 CISD2 1 CLCNKA 1 CLIC2 1 CLIP2 1 CLPP 1 CMAS 1 CNTN3 1 CNTN4 1 CNTN6 1 CNTNAP5 1 COA3 1 COL18A1 1 COL1A2 1 COLEC10 1 COQ5 1 CORO1A 1 COX4I2 1 COX6B1 1 CP 1 CPA6 1 CRKL 1 CRLF1 1 CRTAP 1 CTSF 1 CUBN 1 CYFIP1 1 CYP27A1 1 CYP2U1 1 DDR2 1 DISP1 1 DLGAP2 1 DLK1 2 DNAJA1 1 DNAJC3 1 DNAJC6 1 DOCK4 1 DOK7 1 DPM3 1 DPP10 1 DSCR3 1 DSE 1 DTYMK 1 DUOXA2 1 DYNC2H1 1 EDC3 1 EDNRB 1 EFNB1 1 EFNB2 1 EIF2AK1 1 EIF2B1 1 EIF2B2 1 EIF2B3 1 EIF2B4 1 EIF2B5 1 ELMOD1 1 EOGT 1 EOMES 1 EPB41L1 1 EPM2A 1 ERCC4 1 ERF 1 ERMARD 1 ETS1 1 EVC 1 EVC2 1 FA2H 1 FAAH2 1 FAM160B1 1 FBLN5 1 FBN1 1 FDXR 1 FGF3 1 FLNB 1 FLVCR1 1 FTL 1 FZD3 1 G6PC3 1 GABRG1 1 GAN 1 GATA1 1 GBA2 1 GBE1 1 GCK 1 GCSH 1 GHR 1 GJA1 1 GJB1 1 GLRA1 1 GLUD1 1 GNA14 1 GOSR2 1 GPSM2 1 GRPR 1 GSPT2 1 GTF2I 1 GTF2IRD1 1 GYS2 1 H19 1 HADH 1 HAL 1 HARS2 1 HOXD10 1 IFT140 1 IGBP1 1 IGF2 1 IMMP2L 1 INS 1 INSR 1 INTS8 1 IRX5 1 IYD 1 JAG1 1 JPH3 1 KANK1 1 KATNAL2 1 KCNC3 1 KCND3 1 KCTD13 1 KIF16B 1 KIF1B 1 KIF21A 1 KIF4A 1 KIRREL3 1 KLF8 1 KLLN 1 KYNU 1 LBR 1 LGI4 1 LHX3 1 LMNA 1 LRP5 1 LSM1 1 LSM11 2 MACROD2 1 MAP4K4 2 MARS2 2 MCM4 1 MEPCE 1 MET 1 METAP1 1 MFN2 1 MGME1 1 MGP 1 MID2 1 MLH1 1 MNX1 1 MPI 1 MPZ 1 MRAP 1 MRPS16 1 MSH6 1 MTM1 1 MTMR2 1 MTPAP 1 MYH3 1 MYMK 1 MYO7A 1 MYT1 1 NAGS 1 NDN 1 NEGR1 1 NGF 1 NHEJ1 1 NHLRC1 1 NIN 1 NLGN1 1 NLGN4X 1 NOP10 1 NOTCH3 1 NRXN2 1 NTNG1 1 NUP62 1 ORC1 1 ORC4 1 ORC6 1 OTUD7A 2 PANK2 1 PAX2 1 PAX3 1 PAX7 1 PCBD1 1 PCDH10 1 PCDH15 1 PCDH9 1 PCLO 1 PDE11A 1 PDGFB 1 PHKA2 1 PHKG2 1 PIGF 2 PIK3R1 1 PINK1 1 PIP5K1B 1 PNP 1 POC1A 1 POLD1 1 POLD2 1 PON3 1 POP1 1 POU1F1 1 PPM1K 1 PPOX 1 PRDM8 1 PREPL 1 PRF1 1 PRICKLE1 1 PRKDC 1 PRKN 1 PRKRA 1 PRRX1 1 PRX 1 PYGL 1 RAB27A 1 RAB40AL 1 RALGAPB 1 RANBP2 1 RAPSN 1 RASA1 2 RAX 1 RBFOX1 1 RBL2 1 RBM28 1 RBM8A 1 RBPJ 1 RECQL4 1 RET 1 RFX6 1 RIMS1 1 RIN2 1 RING1 1 RNF135 2 RPL11 1 RPS19 1 RPS28 1 RUBCN 1 SALL1 1 SAMD9L 1 SBDS 1 SCN11A 1 SCN9A 1 SCO1 1 SECISBP2 1 SELENOI 1 SELENON 1 SF3B4 1 SGCA 1 SH3TC2 1 SHANK1 1 SLC12A1 1 SLC19A2 1 SLC1A3 1 SLC20A2 1 SLC22A5 1 SLC25A13 1 SLC25A19 1 SLC25A20 1 SLC25A24 1 SLC25A4 2 SLC29A3 1 SLC2A10 1 SLC39A4 1 SLC44A1 2 SLC5A2 1 SLC6A4 1 SLC7A7 1 SLC9A9 1 SMCHD1 1 SMG6 1 SNIP1 1 SNRPA 1 SNRPE 2 SOBP 1 SOST 1 SP7 1 SPAST 1 SPEG 1 SPG7 2 SPINK5 1 SPRTN 1 SPTLC1 1 SRPX2 1 ST7 1 STAC3 1 STAT5B 1 STK3 1 STT3B 1 STX11 1 SYT14 1 TAF8 1 TDGF1 2 TECR 1 TFAP2A 1 TFAP2B 1 TFG 1 TG 1 TGFBR1 1 TGFBR2 1 THAP1 1 TIMM8A 1 TMEM260 1 TP63 1 TPH2 1 TPK1 1 TRAPPC6A 1 TREM2 1 TRHR 1 TRIM32 1 TRIM37 1 TSEN34 1 TSHR 1 TTC21B 1 TTR 1 TUBA8 1 TWNK 1 TXNL4A 1 UBE2U 1 UBR4 2 UCHL1 1 UGT1A1 1 UNC13A 1 UNC13D 1 UQCRB 1 UQCRC2 1 UQCRQ 1 UROC1 1 VAMP1 1 VANGL1 1 VPS45 1 WASHC5 1 WDR13 1 WDR19 1 WDR34 1 WIPI2 1 WRAP53 1 XIST 1 XPNPEP3 1 ZCCHC12 1 ZDHHC15 1 ZFP57 1 ZMYM3 1 ZNF41 1 ZNF423 1 ZNF507 1 ZNF674 1 ZNF804A 1 ZNF81 2 ZNHIT6 1 DIP2B 2 DMPK 2 Add a gene STRs in panel DM1 1 FRAXE 1 FRA12A 1 Add a STR Regions in panel Add a Region Intellectual disability syndromic and non-syndromic Gene: HMGB1 Green List (high evidence) You reviewed HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000189403 EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000189403 OMIM: 163905, Gene2Phenotype HMGB1 is in 3 panels Reviews (1) Details History Review feedback Review gene Rating: Rating Mode of Inheritance: Mode of Inheritance Mode of pathogenicity: Mode of pathogenicity Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321): Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321) Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ): Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ) Current diagnostic: Current diagnostic Comments: Comments 1 review Your review Chirag Patel (Genetic Health Queensland) Green List (high evidence) 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome. Sources: Literature Created: 17 Sep 2021, 4:56 a.m. Mode of inheritance MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM # to Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM #
Microcephaly v1.49 HMGB1 Chirag Patel gene: HMGB1 was added
gene: HMGB1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: HMGB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: HMGB1 were set to PMID: 34164801
Phenotypes for gene: HMGB1 were set to 0 ALDH5A1 1 ALDH7A1 0 ALG1 0 ALG11 1 ALG12 1 ALG13 1 ALG14 1 ALG3 1 ALG6 1 ALG8 1 ALG9 1 ALKBH8 1 ALMS1 0 AMER1 0 AMPD2 0 AMT 0 ANK2 2 ANKRD11 0 ANKRD17 2 AP1B1 1 AP1G1 1 AP1S1 0 AP1S2 0 AP2M1 1 AP3B1 0 AP3B2 1 AP4B1 1 AP4E1 1 AP4M1 1 AP4S1 1 APC2 1 APOPT1 1 ARCN1 1 ARF1 1 ARFGEF2 0 ARG1 0 ARHGEF9 1 ARID1A 1 ARID1B 1 ARID2 2 ARL13B 1 ARL6 1 ARMC9 1 ARSA 0 ARSB 1 ARSE 1 ARV1 0 ARX 0 ASAH1 0 ASH1L 1 ASL 1 ASNS 1 ASPA 0 ASPM 1 ASS1 0 ASTN1 1 ASXL1 0 ASXL2 0 ASXL3 1 ATAD1 1 ATAD3A 1 ATG7 1 ATIC 1 ATM 0 ATN1 1 ATP13A2 0 ATP1A1 1 ATP1A2 1 ATP1A3 2 ATP6AP1 1 ATP6AP2 0 ATP6V0A2 0 ATP6V1A 1 ATP6V1B2 0 ATP7A 0 ATP8A2 1 ATR 0 ATRX 0 AUH 0 AUTS2 1 B3GALNT2 1 B3GLCT 0 B4GALNT1 0 B4GALT1 1 B4GALT7 1 B9D2 1 BAZ2B 1 BBS1 0 BBS10 0 BBS12 0 BBS2 0 BBS4 1 BBS5 1 BBS7 1 BBS9 1 BCAP31 0 BCAS3 1 BCKDHA 0 BCKDHB 0 BCKDK 0 BCL11A 0 BCL11B 1 BCOR 1 BCORL1 1 BCS1L 0 BICRA 3 BLM 0 BMP4 0 BOLA3 0 BPTF 1 BRAF 0 BRAT1 1 BRD4 2 BRF1 1 BRIP1 1 BRPF1 1 BRSK2 1 BRWD3 0 BSCL2 0 BSND 1 BTD 0 BUB1B 0 C12orf4 0 C12orf57 0 C12orf65 0 C2CD3 1 C2orf69 1 C5orf42 1 CA2 1 CA8 1 CACNA1A 0 CACNA1B 1 CACNA1C 0 CACNA1D 1 CACNA1E 1 CACNA1G 2 CACNA1I 1 CACNA2D2 1 CAD 1 CAMK2A 0 CAMK2B 1 CAMK4 1 CAMTA1 2 CAPN15 1 CARS 1 CARS2 1 CASK 0 CBL 0 CBS 0 CBY1 1 CC2D1A 1 CC2D2A 0 CCBE1 1 CCDC22 0 CCDC47 1 CCDC88A 1 CCDC88C 2 CCND2 0 CDC42 0 CDC42BPB 1 CDH11 2 CDH15 0 CDH2 1 CDK10 0 CDK13 1 CDK19 1 CDK5RAP2 1 CDK8 1 CDKL5 0 CDON 0 CELF2 1 CENPF 0 CENPJ 0 CEP104 1 CEP120 1 CEP135 1 CEP152 1 CEP164 1 CEP290 0 CEP41 0 CEP55 1 CEP57 1 CEP83 1 CEP85L 1 CHAMP1 0 CHD1 1 CHD2 0 CHD3 1 CHD4 1 CHD5 1 CHD7 0 CHD8 0 CHKB 0 CHMP1A 1 CIC 0 CIT 0 CKAP2L 0 CLCN3 1 CLCN4 1 CLCN6 1 CLCNKB 1 CLN3 0 CLN5 1 CLN6 0 CLN8 0 CLP1 1 CLPB 1 CLTC 1 CNKSR2 0 CNNM2 0 CNOT1 3 CNOT2 1 CNOT3 2 CNPY3 1 CNTNAP1 1 CNTNAP2 0 COASY 1 COG1 0 COG4 1 COG5 1 COG6 1 COG7 0 COG8 1 COL4A1 0 COL4A2 0 COL4A3BP 0 COLEC11 0 COPB2 2 COQ4 0 COQ8A 0 COX10 1 COX15 0 CPS1 0 CRADD 1 CRB2 0 CREBBP 1 CSDE1 1 CSNK1G1 2 CSNK2A1 0 CSNK2B 0 CSPP1 1 CSTB 0 CTBP1 1 CTCF 1 CTDP1 0 CTNNA2 1 CTNNB1 0 CTSA 0 CTSD 0 CTU2 1 CUL3 2 CUL4B 0 CUX1 1 CUX2 1 CWC27 0 CWF19L1 1 CXorf56 1 CYB5R3 0 CYC1 0 CYFIP2 1 D2HGDH 0 DAG1 0 DARS 1 DARS2 0 DBT 0 DCAF17 0 DCHS1 0 DCPS 1 DCX 0 DDB1 2 DDC 0 DDHD2 0 DDX11 1 DDX23 2 DDX3X 0 DDX59 1 DDX6 1 DEAF1 1 DEGS1 1 DENND5A 1 DEPDC5 0 DHCR24 0 DHCR7 0 DHDDS 1 DHFR 1 DHPS 1 DHTKD1 0 DHX30 1 DHX37 2 DIAPH1 0 DIS3L2 0 DKC1 0 DLD 0 DLG3 1 DLG4 2 DLL1 1 DMD 0 DMXL2 1 DNAJC12 1 DNAJC19 0 DNM1 1 DNM1L 1 DNMT3A 1 DNMT3B 0 DOCK3 1 DOCK6 1 DOCK7 1 DOCK8 0 DOLK 1 DPAGT1 1 DPF2 0 DPH1 1 DPM1 0 DPM2 1 DPYD 1 DPYS 1 DPYSL5 1 DYM 1 DYNC1H1 0 DYNC1I2 1 DYRK1A 1 EARS2 1 EBF3 1 EBP 1 EDEM3 2 EED 1 EEF1A2 1 EEF2 1 EFTUD2 1 EHMT1 1 EIF2AK2 2 EIF2AK3 0 EIF2S3 1 EIF3F 1 EIF4A3 1 EIF5A 1 ELAC2 0 ELOVL4 0 ELP2 0 EMC1 1 EMC10 2 EML1 1 EP300 0 EPG5 1 ERCC1 1 ERCC2 0 ERCC3 0 ERCC5 1 ERCC6 0 ERCC6L2 0 ERCC8 0 ERLIN2 1 ESCO2 0 ETFA 1 ETFB 1 ETFDH 1 ETHE1 0 EXOC7 1 EXOSC3 0 EXOSC8 1 EXT2 1 EXTL3 1 EZH2 1 FAM111A 0 FAM126A 0 FAM20C 0 FAM50A 1 FAR1 1 FARS2 1 FARSA 1 FARSB 1 FAT4 0 FBRSL1 1 FBXL3 2 FBXL4 0 FBXO11 1 FBXO28 1 FBXO31 2 FBXW11 2 FBXW7 1 FDFT1 1 FGD1 1 FGF12 0 FGF13 1 FGF14 1 FGFR1 1 FGFR3 1 FH 0 FIG4 0 FITM2 1 FKRP 0 FKTN 0 FLNA 0 FLVCR2 0 FMN2 0 FMR1 0 FOLR1 1 FOXG1 0 FOXP1 2 FOXP2 1 FOXRED1 0 FRAS1 1 FRMPD4 1 FRRS1L 1 FTCD 1 FTSJ1 0 FUCA1 0 FUT8 1 GABBR2 1 GABRA1 1 GABRA2 1 GABRA5 1 GABRB2 0 GABRB3 1 GABRG2 1 GAD1 1 GALC 0 GALE 0 GALNT2 1 GALT 1 GAMT 0 GATA6 1 GATAD2B 1 GATM 1 GCDH 0 GCH1 0 GDI1 0 GEMIN5 1 GFAP 0 GFER 1 GFM1 0 GJC2 0 GK 0 GLB1 0 GLDC 0 GLI2 0 GLI3 0 GLIS3 1 GLS 1 GLUL 0 GLYCTK 0 GM2A 0 GMPPA 0 GMPPB 0 GNAI1 2 GNAO1 1 GNAS 1 GNB1 1 GNB2 3 GNB5 1 GNE 1 GNPAT 0 GNPTAB 0 GNPTG 1 GNS 0 GOLGA2 2 GOT2 1 GPAA1 1 GPC3 0 GPC4 1 GPT2 1 GRIA1 1 GRIA2 2 GRIA3 1 GRIA4 0 GRID2 0 GRIK2 1 GRIN1 1 GRIN2A 1 GRIN2B 1 GRIN2D 1 GRM1 0 GRM7 1 GSS 1 GTF2H5 0 GTF3C3 1 GTPBP2 1 GTPBP3 0 GUSB 1 H3F3A 1 H3F3B 1 HACE1 1 HADHA 0 HADHB 1 HCCS 0 HCFC1 0 HCN1 0 HDAC4 2 HDAC8 1 HECW2 2 HEPACAM 0 HERC1 0 HERC2 2 HESX1 0 HEXA 0 HEXB 0 HGSNAT 1 HIBCH 0 HID1 1 HIRA 1 HIST1H1E 1 HIST1H4C 2 HIVEP2 1 HK1 2 HLCS 0 HMGB1 1 HMGCL 0 HNMT 1 HNRNPH1 1 HNRNPH2 0 HNRNPK 0 HNRNPR 1 HNRNPU 1 HOXA1 0 HPD 0 HPDL 2 HPRT1 0 HRAS 1 HS2ST1 3 HSD17B10 0 HSD17B4 1 HSPD1 0 HSPG2 1 HTRA2 0 HUWE1 1 IARS 1 IBA57 1 IDH2 0 IDS 0 IDUA 0 IER3IP1 1 IFIH1 0 IFT172 0 IFT27 1 IFT74 1 IGF1 1 IGF1R 1 IKBKG 0 IL1RAPL1 0 IMPDH2 2 INPP5E 1 INPP5K 0 INTS1 1 IQSEC1 1 IQSEC2 1 IREB2 1 IRF2BPL 1 ISCA1 1 ISCA2 1 ISPD 0 ITPA 0 ITPR1 0 IVD 0 JAM3 1 JARID2 1 JMJD1C 2 KANSL1 1 KARS 1 KAT5 2 KAT6A 0 KAT6B 0 KAT8 1 KATNB1 1 KCNA2 1 KCNB1 1 KCNC1 0 KCNH1 1 KCNJ10 0 KCNJ11 0 KCNJ6 1 KCNK4 1 KCNK9 1 KCNMA1 1 KCNN2 1 KCNN3 1 KCNQ2 0 KCNQ3 1 KCNQ5 1 KCNT1 0 KCNT2 1 KCTD3 0 KCTD7 0 KDM1A 1 KDM3B 2 KDM4B 2 KDM5B 1 KDM5C 1 KDM6A 0 KDM6B 1 KIAA0586 0 KIAA1109 0 KIDINS220 1 KIF11 2 KIF14 1 KIF1A 2 KIF1BP 1 KIF21B 1 KIF2A 1 KIF5A 0 KIF5C 1 KIF7 0 KLF7 1 KLHL7 0 KMT2A 1 KMT2B 1 KMT2C 1 KMT2D 2 KMT2E 1 KMT5B 1 KNL1 1 KPTN 1 KRAS 0 L1CAM 0 L2HGDH 0 LAMA1 0 LAMA2 1 LAMB1 1 LAMB2 1 LAMC3 0 LAMP2 0 LARGE1 0 LARP7 1 LARS 2 LARS2 0 LIAS 1 LIG4 0 LINGO4 1 LINS1 0 LIPT1 1 LMBRD1 1 LMBRD2 2 LMNB1 2 LMNB2 2 LONP1 0 LRP2 0 LRPPRC 0 LSS 1 LTBP1 1 LYRM7 1 LZTFL1 1 LZTR1 1 MAB21L1 2 MAB21L2 1 MACF1 1 MADD 3 MAF 0 MAGEL2 1 MAN1B1 1 MAN2B1 1 MANBA 1 MAOA 1 MAP1B 1 MAP2K1 0 MAP2K2 0 MAPK1 2 MAPK8IP3 2 MAPKAPK5 1 MAPRE2 1 MASP1 1 MAST1 1 MAST3 1 MAT1A 0 MBD5 1 MBOAT7 0 MBTPS2 0 MCCC1 0 MCCC2 0 MCM3AP 1 MCOLN1 1 MCPH1 1 MDH2 0 MECP2 1 MED12 0 MED12L 1 MED13 1 MED13L 0 MED17 1 MED23 0 MED25 1 MED27 2 MEF2C 1 MEGF8 2 MEIS2 0 METTL23 2 METTL5 1 MFF 0 MFSD2A 1 MFSD8 1 MGAT2 1 MICU1 1 MID1 0 MIR17HG 2 MKKS 0 MKS1 0 MLC1 0 MLYCD 1 MMAA 0 MMAB 0 MMACHC 0 MMADHC 0 MN1 2 MOCS1 1 MOCS2 0 MOGS 1 MORC2 2 MPDU1 1 MPDZ 1 MPLKIP 1 MPP5 1 MPV17 1 MRPS22 0 MRPS34 1 MSL3 1 MSMO1 1 MTFMT 0 MTHFR 0 MTHFS 1 MTO1 1 MTOR 0 MTR 1 MTRR 1 MUT 0 MVK 0 MYCN 0 MYO5A 0 MYT1L 2 NAA10 0 NAA15 1 NACC1 0 NAGA 0 NAGLU 0 NALCN 0 NANS 0 NARS 2 NBEA 1 NCAPD2 2 NCAPG2 1 NCDN 2 NCKAP1 1 NDE1 1 NDP 0 NDST1 0 NDUFA1 0 NDUFA2 1 NDUFAF1 1 NDUFS1 1 NDUFS4 1 NDUFS7 0 NDUFS8 0 NDUFV1 0 NEDD4L 1 NEMF 2 NEU1 0 NEUROD2 1 NEXMIF 1 NF1 0 NFASC 1 NFIA 0 NFIB 1 NFIX 0 NFU1 1 NGLY1 0 NHS 0 NIPBL 1 NKAP 1 NKX2-1 0 NLGN3 0 NONO 0 NOVA2 1 NPC1 0 NPC2 0 NPHP1 0 NPHP3 1 NR2F1 1 NR4A2 2 NRAS 0 NRROS 1 NRXN1 0 NSD1 0 NSD2 1 NSDHL 1 NSUN2 0 NT5C2 1 NTNG2 1 NTRK1 0 NTRK2 1 NUBPL 0 NUDT2 1 NUP188 1 NUP214 2 NUS1 1 OCLN 0 OCRL 0 ODC1 1 OFD1 0 OGT 1 OPA3 0 OPHN1 0 OSGEP 1 OTC 0 OTUD5 2 OTUD6B 0 OTX2 0 OXR1 1 P4HTM 1 PACS1 1 PACS2 1 PAFAH1B1 1 PAH 0 PAK1 1 PAK3 1 PAM16 1 PARN 0 PARP6 1 PAX6 0 PAX8 0 PBX1 0 PC 0 PCCA 0 PCCB 0 PCDH12 1 PCDH19 0 PCDHGC4 1 PCGF2 1 PCNT 0 PCYT2 1 PDE10A 1 PDE4D 0 PDE6D 1 PDGFRB 0 PDHA1 0 PDHB 1 PDHX 0 PDP1 1 PDSS1 1 PDSS2 0 PEPD 0 PET100 1 PEX1 0 PEX10 0 PEX11B 0 PEX12 0 PEX13 0 PEX14 0 PEX16 0 PEX19 0 PEX2 0 PEX26 0 PEX3 0 PEX5 0 PEX6 0 PEX7 0 PGAP1 0 PGAP2 1 PGAP3 1 PGK1 1 PGM2L1 1 PGM3 1 PHACTR1 1 PHF21A 2 PHF6 0 PHF8 1 PHGDH 0 PHIP 1 PI4KA 1 PIBF1 2 PIDD1 1 PIGA 1 PIGB 2 PIGC 1 PIGG 1 PIGH 1 PIGK 1 PIGL 1 PIGN 1 PIGO 1 PIGP 2 PIGQ 1 PIGS 1 PIGT 1 PIGU 1 PIGV 1 PIGW 0 PIK3C2A 1 PIK3CA 0 PIK3R2 1 PISD 1 PITRM1 1 PLA2G6 0 PLAA 0 PLCB1 1 PLK4 1 PLP1 0 PLPBP 1 PMM2 0 PMPCA 1 PMPCB 1 PNKP 1 PNPLA6 0 PNPT1 1 POGZ 1 POLA1 1 POLG 0 POLR1C 1 POLR2A 1 POLR3A 0 POLR3B 0 POLRMT 1 POMGNT1 0 POMGNT2 0 POMK 1 POMT1 0 POMT2 0 PORCN 0 POU3F3 1 PPIL1 1 PPM1D 1 PPP1CB 1 PPP1R12A 1 PPP1R15B 0 PPP1R21 1 PPP2CA 1 PPP2R1A 1 PPP2R5D 1 PPP3CA 0 PPT1 0 PQBP1 1 PRICKLE2 1 PRKAR1A 1 PRKAR1B 1 PRMT7 0 PRODH 0 PRPS1 0 PRR12 1 PRSS12 0 PRUNE1 1 PSAP 1 PSMD12 0 PSPH 0 PTCH1 0 PTCHD1 0 PTDSS1 0 PTEN 0 PTF1A 0 PTPN11 0 PTPN23 1 PTPN4 1 PTRHD1 1 PTS 0 PUF60 1 PUM1 1 PURA 1 PUS1 0 PUS3 1 PUS7 1 PYCR1 0 PYCR2 0 QARS 1 QDPR 0 QRICH1 1 RAB11B 1 RAB18 0 RAB23 0 RAB39B 0 RAB3GAP1 1 RAB3GAP2 0 RAC1 1 RAC3 1 RAD21 1 RAF1 0 RAI1 1 RALA 1 RALGAPA1 1 RAP1B 2 RARB 1 RARS 1 RARS2 0 RBBP8 0 RBM10 1 RELN 0 RERE 1 RFT1 1 RFX3 1 RFX4 1 RFX7 1 RHEB 1 RHOBTB2 1 RIT1 0 RLIM 1 RMND1 0 RNASEH2A 0 RNASEH2B 0 RNASEH2C 0 RNASET2 0 RNF125 0 RNF13 1 RNF220 1 RNU4ATAC 1 RNU7-1 2 ROGDI 1 ROR2 0 RORA 1 RPGRIP1L 0 RPIA 1 RPL10 1 RPS6KA3 0 RRM2B 0 RSRC1 1 RTEL1 0 RTN4IP1 1 RTTN 1 SAMD9 0 SAMHD1 0 SARS2 1 SATB1 2 SATB2 1 SBF1 1 SC5D 0 SCAF4 1 SCAMP5 2 SCAPER 1 SCN1A 1 SCN1B 1 SCN2A 0 SCN3A 1 SCN8A 0 SCO2 0 SDCCAG8 1 SDHA 0 SDHAF1 1 SEPSECS 1 SERAC1 0 SET 0 SETBP1 0 SETD1A 1 SETD1B 1 SETD2 1 SETD5 1 SFXN4 1 SGPL1 0 SGSH 1 SHANK2 0 SHANK3 1 SHH 0 SHMT2 2 SHOC2 1 SIAH1 1 SIK1 0 SIL1 1 SIN3A 0 SIN3B 1 SIX3 0 SKI 0 SLC12A2 3 SLC12A5 0 SLC12A6 0 SLC13A5 1 SLC16A2 1 SLC17A5 0 SLC18A2 1 SLC19A3 0 SLC1A1 1 SLC1A2 1 SLC1A4 1 SLC25A1 0 SLC25A12 0 SLC25A15 0 SLC25A22 0 SLC2A1 0 SLC33A1 0 SLC35A1 0 SLC35A2 0 SLC35C1 0 SLC39A14 0 SLC39A8 1 SLC46A1 1 SLC4A4 0 SLC5A6 1 SLC6A1 1 SLC6A17 0 SLC6A19 0 SLC6A3 0 SLC6A8 0 SLC6A9 1 SLC9A6 1 SLX4 0 SMAD4 0 SMARCA2 1 SMARCA4 0 SMARCA5 1 SMARCB1 0 SMARCC2 1 SMARCD1 1 SMARCE1 0 SMC1A 0 SMC3 0 SMG8 2 SMG9 1 SMOC1 1 SMPD1 1 SMPD4 1 SMS 0 SNAP25 1 SNAP29 0 SNRPB 1 SNX14 0 SNX27 1 SON 1 SOS1 1 SOS2 1 SOX10 0 SOX11 0 SOX2 1 SOX4 1 SOX5 1 SOX6 2 SOX9 0 SPART 1 SPATA5 1 SPECC1L 0 SPEN 2 SPG11 1 SPOP 1 SPR 0 SPRED1 1 SPTAN1 1 SPTBN1 1 SPTBN2 0 SPTBN4 2 SRCAP 2 SRD5A3 0 SSR4 0 ST3GAL3 0 ST3GAL5 2 STAG1 0 STAG2 1 STAMBP 1 STIL 1 STRA6 0 STRADA 1 STT3A 2 STX1B 0 STXBP1 0 SUCLA2 1 SUCLG1 0 SUFU 1 SUMF1 1 SUOX 0 SUPT16H 1 SURF1 0 SUZ12 2 SVBP 2 SYN1 0 SYNCRIP 2 SYNGAP1 1 SYNJ1 0 SYP 0 SYT1 2 SZT2 0 TAF1 1 TAF2 2 TAF6 1 TANC2 2 TANGO2 0 TAOK1 1 TASP1 1 TAT 0 TAZ 0 TBC1D20 1 TBC1D23 0 TBC1D24 0 TBCD 1 TBCE 0 TBCK 0 TBL1XR1 0 TBR1 1 TBX1 1 TCF20 1 TCF4 0 TCF7L2 2 TCN2 1 TCTN2 0 TCTN3 1 TDP2 1 TECPR2 1 TELO2 1 TENM3 1 TERT 2 TET3 1 TFE3 2 TGIF1 1 TH 0 THOC2 1 THOC6 0 THRA 0 TIMM50 1 TINF2 1 TLK2 1 TMCO1 0 TMEM106B 1 TMEM165 1 TMEM216 0 TMEM222 2 TMEM237 1 TMEM240 0 TMEM5 0 TMEM67 1 TMEM70 0 TMEM94 1 TMTC3 1 TMX2 1 TNPO2 1 TNR 1 TNRC6B 2 TOE1 1 TOGARAM1 1 TP73 1 TPP1 1 TPP2 1 TRAF7 1 TRAIP 1 TRAK1 1 TRAPPC11 1 TRAPPC12 1 TRAPPC4 1 TRAPPC6B 1 TRAPPC9 2 TREX1 0 TRIM8 1 TRIO 1 TRIP12 1 TRIT1 1 TRMT1 1 TRMT10A 1 TRNT1 1 TRPM3 1 TRRAP 1 TSC1 0 TSC2 0 TSEN15 1 TSEN2 0 TSEN54 0 TSFM 0 TSHB 0 TSPAN7 0 TSPOAP1 1 TTC19 0 TTC37 0 TTC5 2 TTC8 1 TTI2 1 TUBA1A 0 TUBB 1 TUBB2A 1 TUBB2B 0 TUBB3 0 TUBB4A 0 TUBG1 0 TUBGCP2 1 TUBGCP6 1 TUSC3 1 TWIST1 0 UBA5 0 UBE2A 1 UBE3A 0 UBE3B 1 UBE4A 1 UBR1 1 UBR7 1 UBTF 1 UFC1 1 UFM1 1 UFSP2 2 UGDH 1 UGP2 1 UMPS 1 UNC80 1 UPB1 2 UPF3B 2 USP18 1 USP7 2 USP9X 1 VAMP2 2 VARS 1 VARS2 1 VIPAS39 1 VLDLR 0 VPS11 1 VPS13B 0 VPS33B 1 VPS41 1 VPS4A 3 VPS53 0 VRK1 0 WAC 1 WARS2 1 WASF1 2 WASHC4 3 WDFY3 1 WDPCP 1 WDR11 2 WDR26 1 WDR37 1 WDR4 2 WDR45 0 WDR45B 1 WDR62 1 WDR73 0 WDR81 1 WNT1 1 WNT5A 2 WWOX 0 XPA 2 XRCC4 0 XYLT1 2 YARS 1 YIF1B 2 YWHAG 1 YY1 0 ZBTB18 0 ZBTB20 0 ZBTB24 1 ZC4H2 0 ZDHHC9 0 ZEB2 1 ZFHX4 1 ZFYVE26 0 ZIC1 1 ZIC2 0 ZMIZ1 2 ZMYM2 2 ZMYND11 1 ZNF142 1 ZNF148 1 ZNF292 2 ZNF335 1 ZNF462 2 ZNF526 1 ZNF699 1 ZNF711 1 ZSWIM6 1 AASS 1 ACADSB 1 ACAT1 1 ADAM22 1 AKAP6 1 ALDOA 1 ALX1 1 ALX3 1 ALX4 1 AP2S1 1 ARF3 2 ARHGAP31 1 ARHGAP35 1 ARNT2 1 ATP6V0A1 1 ATP9A 1 ATXN2L 1 B3GALT6 1 B9D1 1 BBIP1 1 C16orf62 1 C8orf37 1 CACNB4 1 CAPZA2 1 CCDC174 1 CCDC78 1 CD96 1 CDK16 1 CDK6 1 CDKN1C 1 CEP63 1 CEP89 1 CHRM1 1 CHST14 1 CLCN2 1 CNKSR1 1 COPB1 1 COQ2 1 COQ9 1 COX14 1 COX20 1 COX7B 1 CPE 1 CRBN 1 CTC1 1 CTNND1 1 CTNND2 1 DDOST 1 DHX32 1 DLAT 1 DPH2 1 DPP6 2 DSCAM 1 EEF1B2 1 EEF1D 1 EIF2A 1 EMG1 1 EMX2 1 EPHA7 1 ERGIC3 2 EXOC2 2 EXOSC2 1 FANCB 1 FANCD2 1 FANCG 1 FASTKD2 1 FEM1B 1 FGFR2 1 FIBP 1 FOXP4 1 FRMD4A 1 FRY 1 FTO 1 FUK 1 GBA 1 GEMIN4 1 GIGYF1 1 GMNN 1 GNAI2 1 GNAQ 1 GORAB 1 GPHN 1 GSX2 1 GTF2E2 2 HARS 2 HAX1 1 HEATR5B 1 HIST1H4J 1 HNRNPD 1 HSPA9 1 HTT 1 HYLS1 1 ICE1 1 IMPA1 1 INPP4A 1 IQSEC3 2 ITCH 1 ITFG2 2 ITGA7 1 JAKMIP1 1 KCNJ1 1 KLHL15 1 LAS1L 1 LINGO1 1 LIPT2 1 LMAN2L 1 LNPK 1 LRRC32 1 LYST 1 MAGT1 1 MMGT1 1 MRPL3 2 MSL2 1 NBN 1 NDUFA10 1 NDUFA11 1 NDUFA9 1 NDUFAF2 1 NDUFAF3 1 NDUFAF4 1 NDUFAF5 1 NDUFAF6 1 NDUFB3 1 NDUFB9 1 NDUFS2 1 NDUFS3 1 NDUFS6 1 NDUFV2 1 NECAP1 1 NHP2 1 NMNAT1 1 NR2F2 1 NSF 1 PAX1 1 PDCD6IP 1 PDE2A 1 PHC1 1 PIEZO2 1 PIGY 1 PJA1 1 PLCH1 1 PLEKHG2 1 PLOD3 1 PLXNA2 1 PPP2R5C 1 PRKACB 2 PRKD1 2 PRRT2 1 PSAT1 1 PSMB1 1 PSMC3 1 PSMC5 1 PTRH2 1 RAB11A 1 RAB14 1 RAP1GDS1 1 RIC1 1 RMRP 1 RNF113A 1 RNF2 1 RPS23 1 RSPRY1 1 RUSC2 1 SACS 1 SEC31A 1 SEMA3E 1 SEMA5A 1 SHROOM4 1 SLC2A2 1 SLC35A3 2 SLC45A1 1 SLC5A5 1 SLC9A7 1 SMARCD2 1 SNORD118 1 SNRPN 1 SOX3 2 SRRM2 1 STN1 1 TACO1 1 TAF13 1 TAF1C 1 TARS 1 TBC1D2B 2 TBC1D7 1 TGFB1 1 THRB 1 TKFC 1 TKT 2 TMEM231 1 TMLHE 1 TNIK 1 TOP2B 1 TRAPPC2L 1 TRIP13 1 TTI1 2 TUBGCP4 1 TUFM 1 U2AF2 1 UPF1 1 UQCC2 1 USP27X 1 VPS37A 1 VPS50 1 VPS51 1 WFS1 2 YAP1 1 ZBTB11 1 ZBTB16 1 ZC3H14 4 ZFHX3 2 ZNF407 2 ZNF668 1 ABCC6 2 ABCG5 1 ACOX2 1 ACTA1 1 ADA2 1 ADAMTSL2 1 ADCY5 1 ADGRB3 1 ADGRG6 2 ADRA2B 1 AFG3L2 1 AGGF1 1 AGK 1 AGL 1 AGO3 1 AGPS 1 AGT 1 AGTR2 1 AKR1C2 1 ALDOB 1 ALG2 1 ALS2 1 ANK3 1 ANKH 1 APTX 1 AR 1 ARHGEF6 1 ASMT 1 ATL1 1 ATP10A 1 ATP2A2 1 ATP2B3 1 ATP2C2 1 ATXN10 1 AVP 1 AVPR1A 1 AVPR2 1 B3GAT3 1 BDNF 1 BICD2 1 BIN1 1 BMPER 1 C19orf12 1 C3orf58 1 CA5A 1 CACNG2 1 CANT1 1 CCDC8 1 CDC6 1 CDK5R1 1 CDT1 1 CFH 1 CFHR1 1 CFHR3 1 CHRNA4 1 CISD2 1 CLCNKA 1 CLIC2 1 CLIP2 1 CLPP 1 CMAS 1 CNTN3 1 CNTN4 1 CNTN6 1 CNTNAP5 1 COA3 1 COL18A1 1 COL1A2 1 COLEC10 1 COQ5 1 CORO1A 1 COX4I2 1 COX6B1 1 CP 1 CPA6 1 CRKL 1 CRLF1 1 CRTAP 1 CTSF 1 CUBN 1 CYFIP1 1 CYP27A1 1 CYP2U1 1 DDR2 1 DISP1 1 DLGAP2 1 DLK1 2 DNAJA1 1 DNAJC3 1 DNAJC6 1 DOCK4 1 DOK7 1 DPM3 1 DPP10 1 DSCR3 1 DSE 1 DTYMK 1 DUOXA2 1 DYNC2H1 1 EDC3 1 EDNRB 1 EFNB1 1 EFNB2 1 EIF2AK1 1 EIF2B1 1 EIF2B2 1 EIF2B3 1 EIF2B4 1 EIF2B5 1 ELMOD1 1 EOGT 1 EOMES 1 EPB41L1 1 EPM2A 1 ERCC4 1 ERF 1 ERMARD 1 ETS1 1 EVC 1 EVC2 1 FA2H 1 FAAH2 1 FAM160B1 1 FBLN5 1 FBN1 1 FDXR 1 FGF3 1 FLNB 1 FLVCR1 1 FTL 1 FZD3 1 G6PC3 1 GABRG1 1 GAN 1 GATA1 1 GBA2 1 GBE1 1 GCK 1 GCSH 1 GHR 1 GJA1 1 GJB1 1 GLRA1 1 GLUD1 1 GNA14 1 GOSR2 1 GPSM2 1 GRPR 1 GSPT2 1 GTF2I 1 GTF2IRD1 1 GYS2 1 H19 1 HADH 1 HAL 1 HARS2 1 HOXD10 1 IFT140 1 IGBP1 1 IGF2 1 IMMP2L 1 INS 1 INSR 1 INTS8 1 IRX5 1 IYD 1 JAG1 1 JPH3 1 KANK1 1 KATNAL2 1 KCNC3 1 KCND3 1 KCTD13 1 KIF16B 1 KIF1B 1 KIF21A 1 KIF4A 1 KIRREL3 1 KLF8 1 KLLN 1 KYNU 1 LBR 1 LGI4 1 LHX3 1 LMNA 1 LRP5 1 LSM1 1 LSM11 2 MACROD2 1 MAP4K4 2 MARS2 2 MCM4 1 MEPCE 1 MET 1 METAP1 1 MFN2 1 MGME1 1 MGP 1 MID2 1 MLH1 1 MNX1 1 MPI 1 MPZ 1 MRAP 1 MRPS16 1 MSH6 1 MTM1 1 MTMR2 1 MTPAP 1 MYH3 1 MYMK 1 MYO7A 1 MYT1 1 NAGS 1 NDN 1 NEGR1 1 NGF 1 NHEJ1 1 NHLRC1 1 NIN 1 NLGN1 1 NLGN4X 1 NOP10 1 NOTCH3 1 NRXN2 1 NTNG1 1 NUP62 1 ORC1 1 ORC4 1 ORC6 1 OTUD7A 2 PANK2 1 PAX2 1 PAX3 1 PAX7 1 PCBD1 1 PCDH10 1 PCDH15 1 PCDH9 1 PCLO 1 PDE11A 1 PDGFB 1 PHKA2 1 PHKG2 1 PIGF 2 PIK3R1 1 PINK1 1 PIP5K1B 1 PNP 1 POC1A 1 POLD1 1 POLD2 1 PON3 1 POP1 1 POU1F1 1 PPM1K 1 PPOX 1 PRDM8 1 PREPL 1 PRF1 1 PRICKLE1 1 PRKDC 1 PRKN 1 PRKRA 1 PRRX1 1 PRX 1 PYGL 1 RAB27A 1 RAB40AL 1 RALGAPB 1 RANBP2 1 RAPSN 1 RASA1 2 RAX 1 RBFOX1 1 RBL2 1 RBM28 1 RBM8A 1 RBPJ 1 RECQL4 1 RET 1 RFX6 1 RIMS1 1 RIN2 1 RING1 1 RNF135 2 RPL11 1 RPS19 1 RPS28 1 RUBCN 1 SALL1 1 SAMD9L 1 SBDS 1 SCN11A 1 SCN9A 1 SCO1 1 SECISBP2 1 SELENOI 1 SELENON 1 SF3B4 1 SGCA 1 SH3TC2 1 SHANK1 1 SLC12A1 1 SLC19A2 1 SLC1A3 1 SLC20A2 1 SLC22A5 1 SLC25A13 1 SLC25A19 1 SLC25A20 1 SLC25A24 1 SLC25A4 2 SLC29A3 1 SLC2A10 1 SLC39A4 1 SLC44A1 2 SLC5A2 1 SLC6A4 1 SLC7A7 1 SLC9A9 1 SMCHD1 1 SMG6 1 SNIP1 1 SNRPA 1 SNRPE 2 SOBP 1 SOST 1 SP7 1 SPAST 1 SPEG 1 SPG7 2 SPINK5 1 SPRTN 1 SPTLC1 1 SRPX2 1 ST7 1 STAC3 1 STAT5B 1 STK3 1 STT3B 1 STX11 1 SYT14 1 TAF8 1 TDGF1 2 TECR 1 TFAP2A 1 TFAP2B 1 TFG 1 TG 1 TGFBR1 1 TGFBR2 1 THAP1 1 TIMM8A 1 TMEM260 1 TP63 1 TPH2 1 TPK1 1 TRAPPC6A 1 TREM2 1 TRHR 1 TRIM32 1 TRIM37 1 TSEN34 1 TSHR 1 TTC21B 1 TTR 1 TUBA8 1 TWNK 1 TXNL4A 1 UBE2U 1 UBR4 2 UCHL1 1 UGT1A1 1 UNC13A 1 UNC13D 1 UQCRB 1 UQCRC2 1 UQCRQ 1 UROC1 1 VAMP1 1 VANGL1 1 VPS45 1 WASHC5 1 WDR13 1 WDR19 1 WDR34 1 WIPI2 1 WRAP53 1 XIST 1 XPNPEP3 1 ZCCHC12 1 ZDHHC15 1 ZFP57 1 ZMYM3 1 ZNF41 1 ZNF423 1 ZNF507 1 ZNF674 1 ZNF804A 1 ZNF81 2 ZNHIT6 1 DIP2B 2 DMPK 2 Add a gene STRs in panel DM1 1 FRAXE 1 FRA12A 1 Add a STR Regions in panel Add a Region Intellectual disability syndromic and non-syndromic Gene: HMGB1 Green List (high evidence) You reviewed HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000189403 EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000189403 OMIM: 163905, Gene2Phenotype HMGB1 is in 3 panels Reviews (1) Details History Review feedback Review gene Rating: Rating Mode of Inheritance: Mode of Inheritance Mode of pathogenicity: Mode of pathogenicity Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321): Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321) Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ): Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ) Current diagnostic: Current diagnostic Comments: Comments 1 review Your review Chirag Patel (Genetic Health Queensland) Green List (high evidence) 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome. Sources: Literature Created: 17 Sep 2021, 4:56 a.m. Mode of inheritance MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM #
Review for gene: HMGB1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome.
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v1.43 WDR11 Zornitza Stark gene: WDR11 was added
gene: WDR11 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR11 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: WDR11 were set to 34413497
Phenotypes for gene: WDR11 were set to Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Short stature
Review for gene: WDR11 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Haag et al (2021 - PMID: 34413497) report on 6 individuals from 3 unrelated families, harboring biallelic LoF WDR11 variants.

Common features included microcephaly (6/6 - range: -2.43 SD to -4.93SD) and intellectual disability (6/6, in 5 cases mild, in 1 severe) with some individuals presenting also with mild short stature.

Homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for LoF variants in affected individuals was identified following exome sequencing (fam1: NM_018117.12:c.1255C>T/p.Q419* hmz, fam2:c.3033_3036del/D1011Efs*21 in trans with c.1439del/p.N480Tfs*32, fam3:c.2931+1G>A hmz).

Segregation studies supported carrier state of parents and unaffected sibs (or homozygosity for wt allele in the latter).

Variable previous investigations incl. standard karyotype and CMA were normal in several subjects (notably index cases from each family).
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As the authors comment WDR11 encodes for the WD repeat domain 11 protein and has broad expression in the developing mouse CNS. Mutations in other genes encoding for WD repeat proteins have been associated with neurological, endocrine or other disorders incl. ciliopathies.

Heterozygous missense WDR11 variants are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) 14 with or without anosmia (MIM #614858). [Gene2Phenotype : monoallelic, all missense/in-frame].

The authors performed extensive hormonal studies and argue that the phenotype associated with biallelic variants differs significantly from the dominantly inherited variants (HH) suggesting that biallelic variants result in a clinically distinct entity. In addition, carrier parents of the individuals reported by Haag et al had no obvious signs of congenital HH. However, there was no endocrinological examination performed.
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Variant effect:
Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated strong juxtanuclear WDR11 staining in control fibroblasts , but only cell-ubiquitous background labeling in patient fibroblasts (for Q419*). There was also evidence for colocalization of wt WDR11 to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) with loss of this pattern in patient fibroblasts (Q419*).

Western blot in whole cell lysates of cultured patient fibroblasts (same variant) proved loss of WDR11 irrespectively of the antibody used (against N- or C-terminal epitopes of WDR11). There was no indication of a truncated protein.
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Animal models:
The authors discuss previous evidence from mice/zebrafish models suggesting abnormal Hedgehog signaling in the primary cilium and impaired ciliogenesis due to loss of WDR11.

Wdr11-null mice display features of holoprosencephaly incl. microcephaly, hypotelorism, micro/anophthalmia, abnormal pituitary gland, growth retardation, heart defects, hypoplasia of reproductive organs and infertility. There was evidence of reduced length of the ciliary axoneme and reduced frequency of ciliated cells.

Knockdown of wdr11 in zebrafish led to microcephaly, aberrant head cartilage formation, microphthalmia, curved body axis, motility defects.

Overall the authors consider that the phenotype of microcephaly, variable growth delay and/or some visual/skeletal anomalies are recapitulated to some degree in animal models, although a more severe phenotype is observed in mice.

In the cohort presented by Haag et al there was no evidence of congenital heart defects, brain malformations, abnormal sexual hormone profiles or pituitary (MRI) abnormalities based on the investigations performed.
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The authors discuss briefly on the previously proposed role for WDR11 in endosome to trans Golgi network vesicular trafficking which might also be supported by their colocalization experiments in patient fibroblasts.
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v0.602 PQBP1 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PQBP1 were changed from to Renpenning syndrome, MIM# 309500
Microcephaly v0.600 PQBP1 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PQBP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Renpenning syndrome, MIM# 309500; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Microcephaly v0.482 LMNB1 Zornitza Stark gene: LMNB1 was added
gene: LMNB1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: LMNB1 were set to 32910914
Phenotypes for gene: LMNB1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Short stature; Seizures; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Cortical gyral simplification; Feeding difficulties; Scoliosis
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: LMNB1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Cristofoli et al (2020 - PMID: 32910914) report 7 individuals (from 5 families) harboring mostly de novo LMNB1 variants. The common phenotype consisted of primary microcephaly (7/7 ranging from -4.4 to -10 SD), DD/ID (7/7), relative short stature in most (+0.7 to -4 SD). Additional features included brain MRI abnormalities (abnormal CC in 3, simplified gyral pattern in 3, small structurally normal brain, etc), seizures (4 individuals from 2 families), limb spasticity (1/7), cortical visual impairment (in 3), feeding difficulties (5/7), scoliosis (4/7). Non-overlapping dysmorphic features were reported in some. Variants were identified by WES or custom-designed gene panel and included 3 missense variants, 1 in-frame deletion and a splice variant. The in-frame deletion was inherited from a similarly affected parent in whom the variant occurred as a dn event. The splice SNV(NM_005573.3:c.939+1G>A) occurred in 3 sibs and was present as mosaic variant (15%) in the parent. This variant was predicted to result to extension of exon 5 by 6 amino-acids (samples were unavailable for mRNA studies). LMNB1 encodes a B-type lamin (the other being encoded by LMNB2). A- and B- type lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina. As the authors comment, LMNB1 is expressed in almost all cell types beginning at the earliest stages of development. Lamin-deficient mouse models support an essential role of B-type lamins in organogenesis, neuronal migration, patterning during brain development. Functional studies performed, demonstrated impaired formation of LMNB1 nuclear lamina in LMNB1-null HeLa cells transfected with cDNAs for 3 missense variants. Two variants (Lys33Glu/Arg42Trp) were shown to result in decreased nuclear localization with increased abundance in the cytosolic fraction. In patient derived LCLs these variants led to abnormal nuclear morphology. A missense variant in another domain (Ala152Gly - 1st coil domain) resulted also in lower abundance of lamin B1, irregular lamin A/C nuclear lamina, as well as more condensed nuclei (HeLa cells). LMNB1 duplications or missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression are associated with a different presentation of AD leuodystrophy. A variant previously associated with leukodystrophy (Arg29Trp) was shown to behave differently (present in the nuclear extract but not in the cytosol, lamin B1 to A/C ratio in nuclear extract was not significantly altered compared to wt as was the case for Arg42Trp, Lys33Glu). Given the pLI score of 0.55 as well as the phenotype of individuals with deletions (not presenting microcephaly) the authors predict that a dominant-negative effect applies (rather than haploinsufficiency).
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v0.480 GTPBP2 Zornitza Stark gene: GTPBP2 was added
gene: GTPBP2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: GTPBP2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: GTPBP2 were set to 26675814; 29449720; 30790272
Phenotypes for gene: GTPBP2 were set to Jaberi-Elahi syndrome, MIM#617988
Review for gene: GTPBP2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Nine individuals from six unrelated families with bi-allelic variants in this gene causing a neuro-ectodermal syndrome. Key features include prenatal onset microcephaly, tone abnormalities, and movement disorders, epilepsy, dysmorphic features, retinal dysfunction, ectodermal dysplasia, and brain iron accumulation.
Sources: Expert Review
Microcephaly v0.269 KIF21B Zornitza Stark gene: KIF21B was added
gene: KIF21B was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF21B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: KIF21B were set to 32415109
Phenotypes for gene: KIF21B were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of brain morphology; Microcephaly
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KIF21B was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: KIF21B was set to GREEN
Added comment: Asselin et al (2020 - PMID: 32415109) report on 4 individuals with KIF21B pathogenic variants. DD/ID (borderline intellectual functioning to severe ID) was a feature in all. Variable other findings included brain malformations (CCA) and microcephaly. 3 missense variants and a 4-bp insertion were identified, in 3 cases as de novo events while in a single subject the variant was inherited from the father who was also affected. The authors provide evidence for a role of KIF21B in the regulation of processes involved in cortical development and deleterious effect of the missense variants impeding neuronal migration and kinesin autoinhibition. Phenotypes specific to variants (e.g. CCA or microcephaly) were recapitulated in animal models. Missense variants are thought to exert a gain-of-function effect. As commented on, the 4-bp duplication (/frameshift) variant might not be pathogenic. In blood sample from the respective individual, RT-qPCR analysis suggested that haploinsufficiency (NMD) applies. Although Kif21b haploinsufficiency in mice was shown to lead to impaired neuronal positioning, the gene might partially tolerate LoF variants as also suggested by 28 such variants in gnomAD. Homozygous Kif21b ko mice display severe morphological abnormalities, partial loss of commissural fibers, cognitive deficits and altered synaptic transmission (several refs to previous studies provided by the authors).
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v0.128 SMO Zornitza Stark gene: SMO was added
gene: SMO was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SMO was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: SMO were set to 32413283
Phenotypes for gene: SMO were set to Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis
Review for gene: SMO was set to GREEN
Added comment: Bi-allelic loss-of-function variations in SMO reported in seven individuals from five independent families. Wide phenotypic spectrum of developmental anomalies affecting the brain (hypothalamic hamartoma and microcephaly), heart (atrioventricular septal defect), skeleton (postaxial polydactyly, narrow chest, and shortening of long bones), and enteric nervous system (aganglionosis).
Sources: Literature
Microcephaly v0.19 NIN Zornitza Stark Marked gene: NIN as ready
Microcephaly v0.19 NIN Zornitza Stark Gene: nin has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Microcephaly v0.19 NIN Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NIN were changed from to Seckel syndrome 7, MIM#614851
Microcephaly v0.18 NIN Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: NIN were set to
Microcephaly v0.17 NIN Zornitza Stark Classified gene: NIN as Red List (low evidence)
Microcephaly v0.17 NIN Zornitza Stark Gene: nin has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Microcephaly v0.16 NIN Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: NIN was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Microcephaly v0.16 NIN Zornitza Stark Classified gene: NIN as Red List (low evidence)
Microcephaly v0.16 NIN Zornitza Stark Gene: nin has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Microcephaly v0.0 NIN Zornitza Stark gene: NIN was added
gene: NIN was added to Microcephaly_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: NIN was set to Unknown