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| Fetal anomalies v1.311 | ITGAV |
Zornitza Stark gene: ITGAV was added gene: ITGAV was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ITGAV was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ITGAV were set to 39526957 Phenotypes for gene: ITGAV were set to Syndromic disease, MONDO:0002254, ITGAV-related Review for gene: ITGAV was set to AMBER Added comment: Three unrelated families reported: two with affected children (one hmz missense; other compound het LoF with missense) and one family with four affected fetuses. Clinical features included brain and eye anomalies and IBD/immune dysregulation. TGF-beta signalling pathway affected. The deletion of itgav in zebrafish recapitulated patient phenotypes including retinal and brain defects and the loss of microglia in early development as well as colitis in juvenile zebrafish with reduced SMAD3 expression and transcriptional regulation. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v1.179 | MAX |
Rylee Peters gene: MAX was added gene: MAX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MAX was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MAX were set to 38141607 Phenotypes for gene: MAX were set to Syndromic disease (MONDO:0002254), MAX-related Review for gene: MAX was set to GREEN Added comment: Three individuals who each share a recurrent de novo germline variant in the MAX gene, resulting in a p.Arg60Gln substitution in the loop of the b-HLH-LZ domain. Affected individuals have a complex disorder consisting primarily of macrocephaly, polydactyly, and delayed ophthalmic development. Other phenotypes reported include intellectual disability, perianal abscesses, pectus carinatum, hypospadias, renal agenesis, single umbilical artery, flattened thoracic vertebrae. Functional analysis of the p.Arg60Gln variant shows a significant increase in CCND2 protein and a more efficient heterodimerization with c-Myc resulting in an increase in transcriptional activity of c-Myc. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v1.96 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: CRIPT were changed from Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies, 615789 to Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies (MIM#615789); Rothmund-Thomson syndrome MONDO:0010002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.95 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: CRIPT were set to 24389050; 27250922 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.94 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Classified gene: CRIPT as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.94 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Gene: cript has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.93 | CRIPT | Karina Sandoval reviewed gene: CRIPT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 37013901; Phenotypes: Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies (MIM#615789), Rothmund-Thomson syndrome MONDO:0010002; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.93 | CRIPT | Suliman Khan edited their review of gene: CRIPT: Changed rating: AMBER | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.88 | CRIPT | Suliman Khan reviewed gene: CRIPT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 36630262; Phenotypes: Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v1.60 | NPNT |
Chirag Patel gene: NPNT was added gene: NPNT was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NPNT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NPNT were set to PMID: 35246978, 34049960, 17537792 Phenotypes for gene: NPNT were set to Renal agenesis, no OMIM # Review for gene: NPNT was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 consanguineous families with multiple affecteds with bilateral renal agenesis. Whole-exome sequencing (WES)-based homozygosity mapping identified 2 homozygous truncating variants. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction data showing complete nonsense-mediated decay of the NPNT transcript. Loss of nephronectin (NPNT) is known to lead to failure of metanephric kidney development with resulting renal agenesis in murine models. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v1.54 | ZMYND8 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ZMYND8 was added gene: ZMYND8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: ZMYND8 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ZMYND8 were set to 35916866; 32530565 Phenotypes for gene: ZMYND8 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, ZMYND8-related; Delayed speech and language development; Motor delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology; Hearing abnormality; Abnormality of vision; Abnormality of the face; Seizures Review for gene: ZMYND8 was set to GREEN Added comment: Dias et al (2022 - PMID: 35916866) describe the phenotype of 11 unrelated individuals with monoallelic de novo (or suspected de novo) missense (N=9) or truncating (N=2) ZMYND8 variants. One of these subjects was previously reported by Suzuki et al (2020 - PMID: 32530565). Features included speech delay/language difficulties (9/11), motor delay (9/11), ID (in 10/11 - profound in 1, moderate in 2), CHD (7/11 - PDA, VSD, ASD, pulmonary stenosis, etc), hearing or vision impairment (7/11). Seizures were reported in few (in text 5/11, table 2/11). Variable non-familial facial features were present in (9/11). As the authors discuss, ZMYND8 encodes a multidomain protein playing a role in transcription regulation, chromatin remodeling, regulation of super enhancers, DNA damage response/tumor suppression. The protein is broadly expressed in brain and shows highest expression in early development. Molecular modeling and/or a yeast two-hybrid system were suggestive of disrupted interaction of ZMYND8 with Drebrin (missense variants in PWWP domain) or GATAD2A (variants in MYND domain). Neuronal Zmynd8 knockdown in Drosophila resulted in deficits in habituation learning. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Fetal anomalies v1.29 | USP14 |
Chirag Patel gene: USP14 was added gene: USP14 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: USP14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: USP14 were set to PMID: 35066879 Phenotypes for gene: USP14 were set to Distal arthrogryposis, corpus callosum anomalies, and dysmorphic features; no OMIM # Review for gene: USP14 was set to RED Added comment: 3 fetuses from 2 different branches of a consanguineous family, presenting with distal arthrogryposis, underdevelopment of the corpus callosum, and dysmorphic facial features. Exome sequencing identified a biallelic 4-bp deletion (c.233_236delTTCC; p.Leu78Glnfs*11) in USP14, and sequencing of family members showed segregation with the phenotype. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) encodes a major proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme with an established dual role as an inhibitor and an activator of proteolysis, maintaining protein homeostasis. Usp14-deficient mice show a phenotype similar to lethal human multiple congenital contractures phenotypes, with callosal anomalies, muscle wasting, and early lethality, attributed to neuromuscular junction defects due to decreased monomeric ubiquitin pool. RT-qPCR experiment in an unaffected heterozygote revealed that mutant USP14 was expressed, indicating that abnormal transcript escapes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v1.13 | TNNI1 |
Krithika Murali gene: TNNI1 was added gene: TNNI1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TNNI1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TNNI1 were set to 34934811 Phenotypes for gene: TNNI1 were set to arthrogryposis; joint contractures Review for gene: TNNI1 was set to AMBER Added comment: No OMIM gene disease association reported PMID 34934811 Nishimori et al report 2 individuals from a Japanese family with joint contractures, elevated CK and a novel heterozygous TNNI1 variant. The proband was born with clasped thumbs (gestational age not stated) requiring surgical correction at 5 months of age. At age 14 was diagnosed with contractures of the neck, trunk, hip and knee with elevated serum CK (1689 IU/L). No muscle weakness noted. Muscle biopsy showed moth-eaten appearance of type I fibres and electron microscopy showed type 1 fibre Z disk streaming. Trio exome sequencing identified a paternally heterozygous nonsense TNNI1 variant (c.523A>T p.K175*). The proband's father and paternal grandfather (not genotyped) also have a history of joint contractures with elevated CK. The affected amino acid residue is in the tropomyosin binding site near the C-terminus and is highly conserved. The variant is absent from gnomAD. rt-PCR products of mRNA from the patient's muscle biopsy showed presence of both mutated and normal transcripts. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.4478 | MCM7 |
Krithika Murali gene: MCM7 was added gene: MCM7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MCM7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MCM7 were set to 33654309; 34059554 Phenotypes for gene: MCM7 were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome; Microcephaly; Intellectual disability; Lipodystrophy; Adrenal insufficiency Review for gene: MCM7 was set to AMBER Added comment: Association with congenital microcephaly. No new publications since last PanelApp review --- MCM7 is a component of the MCM complex, a DNA helicase which is essential for DNA replication. Other components have been linked to disease with phenotypes including microcephaly and ID. MCM7 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM or G2P at present. ------ Currently there are 3 unrelated pedigrees in literature with different biallelic MCM7 variants associated with disease (see below). Although there is some functional data in support of variant-level deleteriousness or gene-level pathogenicity, the clinical gestalt is very different between the 3 families. - PMID: 33654309 (2021) - Two unrelated individuals with different compound het variants in MCM7 but disparate clinical features. One patient had typical Meier-Gorlin syndrome (including growth retardation, microcephaly, congenital lung emphysema, absent breast development, microtia, facial dysmorphism) whereas the second case had a multi-system disorder with neonatal progeroid appearance, lipodystrophy and adrenal insufficiency. While small at birth, the second patient did not demonstrate reduced stature or microcephaly at age 14.5 years. Both individuals had normal neurodevelopment. Functional studies using patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrate that the identified MCM7 variants were deleterious at either transcript or protein levels and through interfering with MCM complex formation, impact efficiency of S phase progression. - PMID: 34059554 (2021) - Homozygous missense variant identified in three affected individuals from a consanguineous family with severe primary microcephaly, severe ID and behavioural abnormalities. Knockdown of Mcm7 in mouse neuroblastoma cells lead to reduced cell viability and proliferation with increased apoptosis, which were rescued by overexpression of wild-type but not mutant MCM7. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.4317 | TUBGCP2 |
Chirag Patel gene: TUBGCP2 was added gene: TUBGCP2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBGCP2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TUBGCP2 were set to PMID: 31630790 Phenotypes for gene: TUBGCP2 were set to Pachygyria, microcephaly, developmental delay, and dysmorphic facies, with or without seizures, OMIM # 618737 Review for gene: TUBGCP2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Pachygyria, microcephaly, developmental delay, and dysmorphic facies, with or without seizures (PAMDDFS) is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by progressive microcephaly associated with abnormal facial features, hypotonia, and variable global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development. Brain imaging shows variable malformation of cortical development on the lissencephaly spectrum, mainly pachygyria and thin corpus callosum. 4 unrelated patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the TUBGCP2 gene, found by WES and segregated with the disorder in all families. Functional studies of the variants were not performed, but analysis of patient fibroblasts derived from the patient with a splice site mutation demonstrated the production of several abnormal transcripts that were predicted to result in a loss of function. Sources: Expert list |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.4305 | VPS50 |
Chirag Patel gene: VPS50 was added gene: VPS50 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS50 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS50 were set to PMID: 34037727 Phenotypes for gene: VPS50 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, seizures, and neonatal cholestasis , MIM#619685 Review for gene: VPS50 was set to AMBER Added comment: Schneeberger et al (2021 - PMID: 34037727) describe the phenotype of 2 unrelated individuals with biallelic VPS50 variants. Common features included transient neonatal cholestasis, failure to thrive, severe DD with failure to achieve milestones (last examination at 2y and 2y2m respectively), postnatal microcephaly, seizures (onset at 6m and 25m) and irritability. There was corpus callosum hypoplasia on brain imaging. Both individuals were homozygous for variants private to each family (no/not known consanguinity applying to each case). The first individual was homozygous for a splicing variant (NM_017667.4:c.1978-1G>T) and had a similarly unaffected sister deceased with no available DNA for testing. The other individual was homozygous for an in-frame deletion (c.1823_1825delCAA / p.(Thr608del)). VPS50 encodes a critical component of the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex, which functions in recycling endocytic vesicles back to the plasma membrane [OMIM based on Schindler et al]. The complex contains VPS50, VPS51, VPS52, VPS53, the three latter also being components of GARP (Golgi-associated-retrograde protein) complex. GARP contains VPS54 instead of VPS50 and is required for trafficking of proteins to the trans-golgi network. Thus VPS50 (also named syndetin) and VPS54 function in the EARP and GARP complexes, to define directional movement of their endocytic vesicles [OMIM based on Schindler et al]. The VPS50 subunit is required for recycling of the transferrin receptor. As discussed by Schneeberger et al (refs provided in text): - VPS50 has a high expression in mouse and human brain as well as throughout mouse brain development. - Mice deficient for Vps50 have not been reported. vps50 knockdown in zebrafish results in severe developmental defects of the body axis. Knockout mice for other proteins of the EARP/GARP complex (e.g. Vps52, 53 and 54) display embryonic lethality. Studies performed by Schneeberger et al included: - Transcript analysis for the 1st variant demonstrated skipping of ex21 (in patient derived fabriblasts) leading to an in frame deletion of 81 bp (r.1978_2058del) with predicted loss of 27 residues (p.Leu660_Leu686del). - Similar VPS50 mRNA levels but significant reduction of protein levels (~5% and ~8% of controls) were observed in fibroblasts from patients 1 and 2. Additionally, significant reductions in the amounts of VPS52 and VPS53 protein levels were observed despite mRNA levels similar to controls. Overall, this suggested drastic reduction of functional EARP complex levels. - Lysosomes appeared to have similar morphology, cellular distribution and likely unaffected function in patient fibroblasts. - Transferrin receptor recycling was shown to be delayed in patient fibroblasts suggestive of compromise of endocytic-recycling function. As the authors comment, the phenotype of both individuals with biallelic VPS50 variants overlaps with the corresponding phenotype reported in 15 subjects with biallelic VPS53 or VPS51 mutations notably, severe DD/ID, microcephaly and early onset epilepsy, CC anomalies. Overall, for this group, they propose the term "GARP and/or EARP deficiency disorders". There is no VPS50-associated phenotype in OMIM or G2P. SysID includes VPS50 among the ID candidate genes. Sources: Expert list |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.4290 | PIDD1 |
Daniel Flanagan gene: PIDD1 was added gene: PIDD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PIDD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIDD1 were set to 28397838; 29302074; 33414379; 34163010 Phenotypes for gene: PIDD1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Autism; Behavioral abnormality; Psychosis; Pachygyria; Lissencephaly; Abnormality of the corpus callosum Review for gene: PIDD1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Doesn't appear to have an antenatal onset. Clinical findings in supplementary table for PMID: 34163010 doesn't mention any prenatal findings. For family M278, two affected siblings were "born at term after uneventful pregnancies, neonatal periods and normal development." Mean age of cohort was 13.2 years. Biallelic PIDD1 pathogenic variants have been reported in 26 individuals (11 families) with DD (all), variable degrees of ID (mild to severe), behavioral (eg. aggression/self-mutilation in several, ADHD) and/or psychiatric abnormalities (ASD, psychosis in 5 belonging to 3 families), well-controlled epilepsy is some (9 subjects from 6 families) and MRI abnormalities notably abnormal gyration pattern (pachygyria with predominant anterior gradient) as well as corpus callosum anomalies (commonly thinning) in several. Dysmorphic features have been reported in almost all, although there has been no specific feature suggested. The first reports on the phenotype associated with biallelic PIDD1 mutations were made by Harripaul et al (2018 - PMID: 28397838) and Hu et al (2019 - PMID: 29302074) [both studies investigating large cohorts of individuals with ID from consanguineous families]. Sheikh et al (2021 - PMID: 33414379) provided details on the phenotype of 15 individuals from 5 families including those from the previous 2 reports and studied provided evidence on the role of PIDD1 and the effect of variants. Zaki et al (2021 - PMID: 34163010) reported 11 additional individuals from 6 consanguineous families, summarize the features of all subjects published in the literature and review the neuroradiological features of the disorder. PIDD1 encodes p53-induced death domain protein 1. The protein is part of the PIDDosome, a multiprotein complex also composed of the bipartite linker protein CRADD (also known as RAIDD) and the proform of caspase-2 and induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage. There are 5 potential PIDD1 mRNA transcript variants with NM_145886.4 corresponding to the longest. Similar to the protein encoded by CRADD, PIDD1 contains a death domain (DD - aa 774-893). Constitutive post-translational processing gives PIDD1-N, PIDD1-C the latter further processed into PIDD1-CC (by auto-cleavage). Serine residues at pos. 446 and 588 are involved in this autoprocessing generating PIDD1-C (aa 446-910) and PIDD1-CC (aa 774-893). The latter is needed for caspase-2 activation. Most (if not all) individuals belonged to consanguineous families of different origins and harbored pLoF or missense variants. Variants reported so far include : c.2587C>T; p.Gln863* / c.1909C>T ; p.Arg637* / c.2443C>T / p.Arg815Trp / c.2275-1G>A which upon trap assay was shown to lead to skipping of ex15 with direct splicing form exon14 to the terminal exon 16 (resulting to p.Arg759Glyfs*1 with exlcusion of the entire DD) / c.2584C>T; p.Arg862Trp / c.1340G>A; p.Trp447* / c.2116_2120del; p.Val706His*, c.1564_1565del; p.Gly602fs*26 Evidence so far provided includes: - Biallelic CRADD variants cause a NDD disorder and a highly similar gyration pattern. - Confirmation of splicing effect (eg. for c.2275-1G>A premature stop in position 760) or poor expression (NM_145886.3:c.2587C>T; p.Gln863*). Arg815Trp did not affect autoprocessing or protein stability. - Abnormal localization pattern, loss of interaction with CRADD and failure to activate caspase-2 (MDM2 cleavage assay) [p.Gln863* and Arg815Trp] - Available expression data from GTEx (PIDD1 having broad expression in multiple tissues, but higher in brain cerebellum) as well as BrainSpan and PsychEncode studies suggesting high coexpression of PIDD1, CRADD and CASP2 in many regions in the developing human brain. - Variants in other genes encoding proteins interacting with PIDD1 (MADD, FADD, DNAJ, etc) are associated with NDD. Pidd-1 ko mice (ex3-15 removal) lack however CNS-related phenotypes. These show decreased anxiety but no motor anomalies. This has also been the case with Cradd-/- mice displaying no significant CNS phenotypes without lamination defects. Sources: Expert list |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.3908 | PLOD3 |
Krithika Murali gene: PLOD3 was added gene: PLOD3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLOD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLOD3 were set to 30237576; 18834968 Phenotypes for gene: PLOD3 were set to Lysyl hydroxylase 3 deficiency - MIM#612394 Review for gene: PLOD3 was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 unrelated families reported with biallelic PLOD3 variants and Stickler-syndrome like phenotype including antenatal phenotype of IUGR in one family. -- PMID 30237576 Maddirevula et al 2019 - report homozygous nonsense variant in a proband with dysmorphic facies, microcephaly, ptosis and contractures. No antenatal information provided. PMID 31129566 Ewans et al 2019 - report 3 affected siblings with a Stickler-syndrome like disorder. - Patient 1 had congenital nystagmus and presented with hearing loss and myopia. On examination aged 2, noted to have dysmorphic features - prominent eyes, hypertelorism, malar hypoplasia, an upturned nose, low-set ears and microretrognathia. - Patient 2 noted to have camptodactyly and clinodactyly postnatally. On examination age 5 noted to have DIP joint contractures and mild skin syndactyly. - Patient 3 - breech delivery. bilateral hand foot camptodactyly, facial dysmorphism. - No antenatal features reported. PMID 30463024 Vahidnehzad et al 2019 - report a male proband from a consanguineous Iranian Baloch family referred for assessment age 4.5. Noted to have developmental delay, musculoskeletal manifestations including scoliosis, flexion contractions, cutaneous syndactyly, right diaphragmatic eventration, ocular anomalies, growth failure and skin blisters. No concerns antenatally. Postnatally noted to have cataract and facial dysmorphism (midface hypoplasia). Homozygous PLOD3 missense variant identified, parents unaffected carriers. PLOD3 mRNA levels in the patient’s fibroblasts measured by whole-transcriptome sequencing and confirmed by RT-PCR, were the same as in control cells, however, the expression of type VII collagen was reduced significantly. No antenatal features reported. PMID: 18834968 Salo et al 2008 - a female proband with significant IUGR, characteristic craniofacial profile, diaphragm eventration, skeletal anomalies (bilateral talipes equinovarus, flexion contractures, scoliosis from age 7), skin anomalies incl blistering and ocular anomalies. One 28 week male stillborn sibling noted to have significant IUGR and skeletal anomalies on post-mortem. Supportive functional evidence. Compound het PLOD3 variants. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.3491 | NDUFA10 | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two families, functional data, but phenotypic description only available for one, IUGR reported.; to: Two families, functional data, IUGR reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.3491 | NDUFA10 | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two families, functional data, but phenotypic description only available for one (DD/ID part of the phenotype).; to: Two families, functional data, but phenotypic description only available for one, IUGR reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.3400 | RNU12 |
Krithika Murali gene: RNU12 was added gene: RNU12 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RNU12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RNU12 were set to 34085356 Phenotypes for gene: RNU12 were set to CDAGS syndrome MIM#603116; Craniosynostosis, Delayed closure of the fontanelles, cranial defects, clavicular hypoplasia, Anal and Genitourinary malformations, and Skin manifestations Review for gene: RNU12 was set to GREEN Added comment: No new publications since last PanelApp review July 2021 --- 5 CDAGS syndrome families with biallelic variants all including NC_000022.10:g.43011402C>T and another variant on the second allele. Whole transcriptome sequencing analysis of patient lymphoblastoid cells identified differentially expressed genes, and differential alternative splicing analysis indicated there was an enrichment of alternative splicing events. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.2711 | ANGPT2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ANGPT2 was added gene: ANGPT2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ANGPT2 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ANGPT2 were set to 34876502; 32908006 Phenotypes for gene: ANGPT2 were set to Hydrops; Lymphatic malformation-10, MIM#619369 Review for gene: ANGPT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Mono-allelic disease: association with lymphoedema in 5 unrelated individuals PMID 32908006 Bi-allelic disease PMID 34876502: single family reported with four fetuses with hydrops fetalis homozygous for ANGPT2 NM_001147.2:c.557A>G. The consanguineous parents and surviving sibblings (a girl and a boy), were heterozygous for this variant. This variant is predicted to create a cryptic exonic splice site, resulting in a r.557_566del and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This prediction was supported by the lack of a transcript from this allele in the parents. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.2597 | HAND2 |
Krithika Murali edited their review of gene: HAND2: Added comment: No OMIM gene disease association. Borderline red-amber gene. PMID: 26676105 Lu et al 2016 - 145 unrelated patients with CHD, Han Chinese descent versus 200 unrelated controls had HAND2 gene sequencing. In x1 patient with ToF hetrozygous HAND2 c.140T>C p.L47P variant identified, parents unaffected, variant reported to be de novo but paternity not confirmed. Absent from gnomad, x1 het synonymous variant in this position only. Functional analysis showed reduced transcriptional activity PMID: 32134193 Cohen et al 2020 - 31-month-old male with unicommissural unicuspid aortic valve, moderate aortic stenosis, and mild pulmonic stenosis. CMA identified 546kb deletion on chr 4q34.1 (174364195-174910239[GRCh37/hg19]). Deletion encompasses exons 1 and 2 of SCRG1, HAND2, and HAND2-AS1. Deletion paternally inherited - proband's father had history of ToF. Novel deletion - no similar deletions in Decipher or DGV. Proband also had CHD7 VUS (c.2830C>T, p.Arg944Cys) – but no features of CHARGE syndrome and CHD7 variant present in 7 hets in gnomad PMID: 30217752 Liu et al 2019 - screened 206 unrelated Han Chinese patients with adult-onset idiopathic DCM and 300 unrelated controls. Identified HAND2 variant c.199G>T; p.(Glu67*). Authors report segregation of the variant with other affected individuals in the family including x2 with VSD/PDA PMID: 26865696 Sun et al 2016 - HAND2 sequenced in 192 unrelated Han Chinese patient. Het p.S65I variant identified in a patient with VSD and present in all 7 family members with CHD and absent from 13 unaffected members. Variant present in gnomad – 3 hets (x1 East Asian, x1 South Asian, x1 Latin American) PMID 20819618 - Shen et al 2010 131 unrelated Han Chinese patients with ToF had HAND2 gene sequencing. Het c.32C>G p.Pro11Arg identified in x2 unrelated patients – no seg, not in gnomad but in area of low coverage. c.42C>T – present in x1 patient with ToF + VSD – no segregation data, not in gnomad but in area of low coverage; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 26865696, 32134193, 26676105, 30217752, 20819618 |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.2366 | HAND1 |
Krithika Murali edited their review of gene: HAND1: Added comment: No OMIM gene disease association PMID: 28112363 Li et al 2017 - HAND1 gene sequenced in 158 unrelated patients with CHDs and 600 controls. A de novo heterozygous truncating variant was identified (c.394A>T p.K132X) in a 5 month old body with double outlet right ventricle and VSD. Absent from gnomad, not present in unaffected parents or in controls. Functional analysis supported loss of HAND1 transcriptional activity. PMID: 29317578 Wang et al 2017 – article in Chinese, abstract in English. A total of 125 patients with congenital VSD and 210 controls. HAND1 truncating variant identified in an individual with VSD( c.355G>T E119X ). Absent from population database, x1 missense variant at same position 28 hets and x1 synonymous variant with 1 het present in gnomad. No segregation data PMID: 29179274 Zhi et al 2017 - A novel heterozygous mutation, a substitution of thymine for guanine at nucleotide 346 (c.346G>T), predicting the conversion of a glutamic acid-encoding codon into a stop codon at codon 116 (p.E116X), was detected in a patient with sporadic DCM out of a cohort of 120 Chinese patients with DCM versus 200 healthy controls. Absent from gnomad. No segregation data. Article in Chinese, abstract in English, unlikely to be congenital onset. PMID: 27942761 Wang et al 2017 - 165 unrelated patients with CHD and 600 unrelated controls. Heterozygous missense HAND1 variant identified in a patient with TOF (c.352C>T p.R118C) . Functional studies supporting significantly reduced transcriptional activity, absent from gnomad, damaging in silicos, no parental testing. PMID: 26581070 Zhou et al 2016 - heterozygous truncating HAND1 variant, c.313A > T p.R105X identified in a DCM family, absent in controls, reduced transcrptional activities, x1 het inframe deletion at the same position in gnomad and x1 synonymous variant. Segregated with family members with DCM and VSD. PMID: 31286141 Firulli et al 2020 – mouse models showing that myocardial deletion of Hand1 resulted in morphological defects including interventricular septal defects, abnormal LV papillary muscles and cardiac conduction system defects PMID: 29016838 Firulli et al 2017 - Hand1A126FS mutation does exhibit embryonic lethal cardiac defects in mouse models; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 31286141, 29016838, 29317578, 29179274, 28112363, 27942761, 26581070 |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.2366 | GATA5 |
Krithika Murali edited their review of gene: GATA5: Added comment: OMIM gene disease association for multiple congenital heart defects both AR and AD inheritance -- AR inheritance - x2 patients with congenital heart disease PMID 28180938 Hempel et al 2017 - x1 DCDA twin female born at 28+6 weeks after PROM. Ascites, non-immune hydrops fetalis and VSD diagnosed prenatally at 20 weeks. Postnatally diagnosed with ASD, PDA, mild HCM and gallstones. Hydrops likely secondary to congenital heart disease. Also diagnosed with clitoromegaly with transient elevation in 17-hydroxyprogrogesterone till 10 weeks of age and normal adrenal androgen levels. 46 XX confirmed on karyotype. Proband compound het for paternally inherited GATA 5 c.56G > C, p.Ser19Trp variant and maternally inherited c.605C > T, p.Arg202Gln. Carrier arents and twin sister with c.605C > T, p.Arg202Gln unaffected. Arg202Gln absent from population database, p.Ser19Trp - 241 hets in gnomad not seen in homozygous form. Supportive zebrafish models for GATA5 LoF. Previous mouse models suggest that GATA5 plays a role during mammalian embryogenesis, including heart developmen and progesterone receptor expression. PMID: 27066509 Kassab et al 2015 Lebanese patient cohort with high rates of consangunity. A total of 185 patients with different forms of congenital heart disease (CHD)were screened for GATA4, GATA5, GATA6 variants + 150 healthy individuals. 2 patients with homozygous GATA5 varianst identified. One patient wtih aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, VSD, PDA with homozygous p.T67P variants - in silicos benign, gnomad 4975 hets and 402 homozygotes. Another patient with double outlet right ventricle / ASD / pulmonary stenosis and homozygous p.Y142H – present in gnomad 39 hets, 0 homozygotes, unaffected consanguineous carrier parents. --- Multiple studies reporting AD inheritance for bicuspid aortic valve, congenital heart disease, DCM, AF - evidence conflicting PMID 34461831 Ma et al 2021 BMC Cardiovascular Disorders - prospective recruitment of 130 unrelated patients with bicuspid aortic valve with complex congenital heart disease being one of the exclusion criteria. 2 heterozygous GATA5 variants identified present in population database. No segregation data. PMID: 30229885 Alonso-Montes et al 2018, European Journal of Clinical Investigations - North of Spain cohort. 122 unrelated patients with bicuspid and 154 unaffected patients had GATA4, GATA5 and GATA6 sequencing. Missense p.Arg202Gln in GATA5 identified, absent from gnomad, in-silicos probably damaging, no segregation data. Zhang et al 2015 PMID 25543888 - DCM cohort heterozygous GATA5 c.719G>A p.G240D identified in a family. Authors report co-segregation with DCM in multiple family members with associated VSD in 2 individuals, functional analyses showed diminished transcriptional activity. In-silicos predict possibily damaging. Variant absent from gnomad but in a region of low exome coverage Shan et al 2014 PMID 25515806 - analysis of GATA5 gene promoter in 343 patients with VSD and 348 controls. Two novel variants reported in affected individuals but also present in unaffected parents. PMID 24796370 Bonachea et al 2014 - Cohort of 78 bicuspid aortic patients (50 with isolated BAV and 28 with associated aortic coarctation) had GATA5 sanger sequencing analysis. x2 variants identified. p.Gln3Arg variant present in 447 hets in gnomad – inherited from unaffected mother, p.Leu233Pro – present in 359 hets – apparently de novo PMID: 23289003 Wei et al 2013 Int Journal Medical Science - cohort of 130 unrelated patients with TOF and 200 unrelated controls. GATA5 c.559C>G p.R187G variant identified in affected individual – although variant absent from gnomad alternative aa change at same position present in gnomad including truncating frameshift variants. GATA5 c.620A>G p.H207R – absent from gnomad. Authors report co-segregation of both variants with TOF in multiple family members, some with additional congenital heart defects. Wei et al Pediatric Cardiology 2013 PMID 22961344 - GATA5 sequenced in 120 unrelated patients with VSD and 200 controls. Heterozygous GATA5 variant p.L199V identified in a patient with VSD. Author reports co-segregation in multiple affected family members. Variant absent from gnomad with X1 synonymous het variant only at same position; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 28180938, 27066509, 34461831, 30229885, 28285006, 25543888, 25515806, 24796370, 23295592, 23289003, 22961344 |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.1423 | CTNND1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: 4 individuals from 3 unrelated families with blepharocheilodontic syndrome and mutations in the CTNND1 gene reported originally in PMID 28301459. All had eyelid anomalies, including ectropion of the lower lids, euryblepharon, lagophthalmia, and distichiasis. In addition, all 4 showed typical facial dysmorphism with hypertelorism, flat face, and high forehead, and all had conical teeth and tooth agenesis. Three had cleft lip and palate, 3 had hair anomalies, and 1 had hypothyroidism due to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thyroid gland. None of the patients exhibited anal atresia or neural tube defects. PMID: 32196547 - Alharatani et al 2020 - report an expanded phenotype for CTNND1 patients. They report 13 individuals from nine families with novel protein-truncating variants in CTNND1 identified by WES. The mutations were not previously described in blepharocheilodontic (BCD), orofacial cleft cases nor in gnomAD. 8 patients had de novo variants, 2 inherited from affected parents, 2 participants inherited a variant from a parent with a mild phenotype. 8/13 patients showed cleft palate. Additional phenotypic features seen include mild limb phenotypes (9/13), cardiovascular anomalies (6/13) and Developmental delay and other neurodevelopmental problems (8/13). This more recent publication suggests a broader phenotype associated with CTNND1 variants including dev delay, ADHD/ASD, behavioural issues. Unclear from description whether significant ID present. Sources: Literature; to: 4 individuals from 3 unrelated families with blepharocheilodontic syndrome and mutations in the CTNND1 gene reported originally in PMID 28301459. All had eyelid anomalies, including ectropion of the lower lids, euryblepharon, lagophthalmia, and distichiasis. In addition, all 4 showed typical facial dysmorphism with hypertelorism, flat face, and high forehead, and all had conical teeth and tooth agenesis. Three had cleft lip and palate, 3 had hair anomalies, and 1 had hypothyroidism due to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thyroid gland. None of the patients exhibited anal atresia or neural tube defects. PMID: 32196547 - Alharatani et al 2020 - report an expanded phenotype for CTNND1 patients. They report 13 individuals from nine families with novel protein-truncating variants in CTNND1 identified by WES. The mutations were not previously described in blepharocheilodontic (BCD), orofacial cleft cases nor in gnomAD. 8 patients had de novo variants, 2 inherited from affected parents, 2 participants inherited a variant from a parent with a mild phenotype. 8/13 patients showed cleft palate. Additional phenotypic features seen include mild limb phenotypes (9/13), cardiovascular anomalies (6/13) and Developmental delay and other neurodevelopmental problems (8/13). This more recent publication suggests a broader phenotype associated with CTNND1 variants including dev delay, ADHD/ASD, behavioural issues. Sources: Literature |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.1417 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: CRIPT as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.1417 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Gene: cript has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.1417 | CRIPT | Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: CRIPT were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.988 | NAGA | Seb Lunke Added comment: Comment on list classification: Only one description of microcephaly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.0 | CRIPT |
Zornitza Stark gene: CRIPT was added gene: CRIPT was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Genomics England PanelApp Mode of inheritance for gene: CRIPT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: CRIPT were set to Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies, 615789 |
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